20260727 090609 高中英语高二下册学习手册选择性必修第一册

高中英语 · 高二下册学习手册（选择性必修第一册）¶

本手册依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》编写，基于人教版新课标（2019版）高中英语选择性必修第一册（Book 4），涵盖Unit 1–Unit 5全部内容。高二下学期是高考前最后的系统学习阶段，本手册旨在帮助学生全面构建语法和词汇体系，提升综合语言运用能力。

一、考纲要求与学习目标 ¶

1. 学期定位 ¶

高二下学期是高中英语学习的关键转折期。选择性必修第一册（Book 4）是高考前系统学习阶段的重要教材，本册内容在难度上较必修阶段有显著提升，语法体系从基础结构过渡到综合运用，词汇量要求进一步扩大。本学期结束后，学生将进入高三全面复习阶段，因此本学期需系统构建语法框架、深度积累核心词汇、强化阅读写作能力，为高考冲刺奠定坚实基础。

（1）语言能力
- 词汇：掌握本册5个单元约200个核心词汇及其派生词、搭配，能准确拼写并在语境中运用
- 语法：系统掌握非限制性定语从句、将来时态综合、动词-ing形式作状语、过去分词综合用法、被动语态综合复习等高考核心语法点
- 阅读：能读懂与教材话题相关的中等难度语篇，阅读速度达到每分钟70–80词，理解准确率不低于75%
- 写作：能就规定话题写出120–150词的连贯短文，句式多样，过渡自然，用词准确

（2）文化意识
- 了解中外杰出人物（如屠呦呦、袁隆平）的科学精神与人文情怀
- 关注未来科技发展趋势，培养科技伦理意识
- 增强自然保护意识，理解人与自然和谐共生的理念
- 理解跨文化交际中肢体语言的差异，培养跨文化沟通能力
- 关注全球粮食安全问题，树立人类命运共同体意识

（3）思维品质
- 能分析、比较不同文化背景下非语言交际的异同
- 能辩证地看待科技进步带来的机遇与挑战
- 能从多角度评价杰出人物的成就与品格
- 能就社会热点话题进行独立思考和有逻辑的表达

（4）学习能力
- 能运用元认知策略规划和管理自己的英语学习
- 能利用词典、语料库等工具资源自主学习
- 能通过合作学习与探究式学习提升学习效率
- 能对所学语法和词汇进行归纳总结，建构知识网络

3. 语法体系构建重点 ★高考核心 ¶

高二下学期语法学习进入综合深化阶段，核心考点如下：

单元	语法主题	高考考查频率	难度
Unit 1	非限制性定语从句（深化）	★★★★★	中高
Unit 2	将来时态综合（will do / be going to / be to do / be about to do / be doing）	★★★★	中
Unit 3	动词-ing形式作状语（综合）	★★★★★	高
Unit 4	过去分词作定语/表语/宾补/状语	★★★★★	高
Unit 5	被动语态综合复习	★★★★	中

学习建议：非谓语动词（Unit 3的-ing形式和Unit 4的-ed形式）是高考语法的重中之重，在语法填空、短文改错和书面表达中均有高频考查。建议学生在学完本册后，将-ing形式与-ed形式进行对比归纳，形成完整的非谓语动词知识网络。

4. 词汇学习策略 ¶

分级记忆：将词汇分为”高考核心高频词”“派生词”“话题词汇”三类，核心高频词需做到会拼、会用、会辨析
语境记忆：在课文语境和例句中记忆单词，关注搭配和用法
词根词缀法：利用前缀（un-, dis-, re-, pre-等）和后缀（-tion, -ment, -ful, -less等）推导词义
滚动复习：按照艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，定期复习已学词汇

二、必会单词 ¶

Unit 1: People of Achievement（有所成就的人）¶

单词	音标	词性	释义	备注
`committed`	/kəˈmɪtɪd/	adj.	尽心尽力的；坚信的	★高考核心
`commit`	/kəˈmɪt/	v.	承诺；犯（罪）；投入	派生词
`commitment`	/kəˈmɪtmənt/	n.	承诺；投入；奉献	派生词
`crucial`	/ˈkruːʃl/	adj.	至关重要的	★高考核心
`objective`	/əbˈdʒektɪv/	n./adj.	目标；客观的	★高考核心
`evaluate`	/ɪˈvæljueɪt/	v.	评估；评价	★高考核心
`evaluation`	/ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/	n.	评估；评价	派生词
`obtain`	/əbˈteɪn/	v.	获得；得到	★高考核心
`acknowledge`	/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/	v.	承认；感谢；确认收到	★高考核心
`acknowledgement`	/əkˈnɒlɪdʒmənt/	n.	承认；感谢	派生词
`apparently`	/əˈpærəntli/	adv.	显然地；看来	★高考核心
`apparent`	/əˈpærənt/	adj.	显然的；表面上的	派生词
`conclusion`	/kənˈkluːʒn/	n.	结论；推论	★高考核心
`conclude`	/kənˈkluːd/	v.	推断出；结束	派生词
`consequence`	/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/	n.	结果；后果	★高考核心
`consequent`	/ˈkɒnsɪkwənt/	adj.	随之发生的	派生词
`distinct`	/dɪˈstɪŋkt/	adj.	明显的；不同的；确切的	★高考核心
`distinction`	/dɪˈstɪŋkʃn/	n.	区别；特性；卓越	派生词
`encounter`	/ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/	v./n.	遇到；遭遇	★高考核心
`numerous`	/ˈnjuːmərəs/	adj.	众多的；许多的	★高考核心
`passion`	/ˈpæʃn/	n.	激情；热情	★高考核心
`passionate`	/ˈpæʃənət/	adj.	热情的；激情的	派生词
`patience`	/ˈpeɪʃns/	n.	耐心；忍耐力	★高考核心
`patient`	/ˈpeɪʃnt/	adj./n.	有耐心的；病人	派生词
`property`	/ˈprɒpəti/	n.	财产；性质；特性	★高考核心
`remarkable`	/rɪˈmɑːkəbl/	adj.	非凡的；卓越的	★高考核心
`remarkably`	/rɪˈmɑːkəbli/	adv.	显著地；非常	派生词
`substance`	/ˈsʌbstəns/	n.	物质；实质	★高考核心
`solid`	/ˈsɒlɪd/	adj.	固体的；可靠的；坚固的
`liquid`	/ˈlɪkwɪd/	n./adj.	液体；液态的
`extract`	/ɪkˈstrækt/	v.	提取；萃取	★高考核心
`extraction`	/ɪkˈstrækʃn/	n.	提取；萃取	派生词
`boil`	/bɔɪl/	v.	煮沸；沸腾
`gradually`	/ˈɡrædʒuəli/	adv.	逐渐地	★高考核心
`gradual`	/ˈɡrædʒuəl/	adj.	逐渐的	派生词
`eventually`	/ɪˈventʃuəli/	adv.	最终；终于	★高考核心
`diverse`	/daɪˈvɜːs/	adj.	多种多样的；不同的	★高考核心
`diversity`	/daɪˈvɜːsəti/	n.	多样性	派生词
`analysis`	/əˈnæləsɪs/	n.	分析	★高考核心
`analyse`	/ˈænəlaɪz/	v.	分析	派生词
`insist`	/ɪnˈsɪst/	v.	坚持；坚决主张	★高考核心
`convention`	/kənˈvenʃn/	n.	惯例；公约；大会
`impact`	/ˈɪmpækt/	n./v.	影响；作用	★高考核心
`vital`	/ˈvaɪtl/	adj.	至关重要的；生死攸关的	★高考核心
`courage`	/ˈkʌrɪdʒ/	n.	勇气；胆量
`wisdom`	/ˈwɪzdəm/	n.	智慧
`scholar`	/ˈskɒlə(r)/	n.	学者
`advocate`	/ˈædvəkeɪt/	v.	提倡；主张	★高考核心
`involve`	/ɪnˈvɒlv/	v.	包含；涉及；使参与	★高考核心

Unit 2: Looking into the Future（展望未来）¶

单词	音标	词性	释义	备注
`advocate`	/ˈædvəkeɪt/	v./n.	提倡；提倡者	★高考核心
`resistance`	/rɪˈzɪstəns/	n.	抵抗；阻力	★高考核心
`resist`	/rɪˈzɪst/	v.	抵抗；抗拒	派生词
`combine`	/kəmˈbaɪn/	v.	结合；联合	★高考核心
`combination`	/ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/	n.	结合；联合	派生词
`innovation`	/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/	n.	创新；改革	★高考核心
`innovative`	/ˈɪnəvətɪv/	adj.	创新的	派生词
`remote`	/rɪˈməʊt/	adj.	遥远的；偏远的	★高考核心
`wire`	/ˈwaɪə(r)/	n./v.	电线；连线
`sensor`	/ˈsensə(r)/	n.	传感器
`integrate`	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/	v.	整合；使一体化	★高考核心
`integrated`	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd/	adj.	综合的；集成的	派生词
`preference`	/ˈprefrəns/	n.	偏爱；偏好	★高考核心
`prefer`	/prɪˈfɜː(r)/	v.	更喜欢	派生词
`instant`	/ˈɪnstənt/	adj.	立即的；即时的	★高考核心
`instantly`	/ˈɪnstəntli/	adv.	立即；马上	派生词
`command`	/kəˈmɑːnd/	n./v.	命令；指令	★高考核心
`relevant`	/ˈreləvənt/	adj.	相关的；切题的	★高考核心
`detect`	/dɪˈtekt/	v.	探测；发现	★高考核心
`detection`	/dɪˈtekʃn/	n.	探测；发现	派生词
`secure`	/sɪˈkjʊə(r)/	adj.	安全的；可靠的	★高考核心
`security`	/sɪˈkjʊərəti/	n.	安全；安全保障	派生词
`cease`	/siːs/	v.	停止；终止	★高考核心
`efficiency`	/ɪˈfɪʃnsi/	n.	效率；效能	★高考核心
`efficient`	/ɪˈfɪʃnt/	adj.	高效的	派生词
`abnormal`	/æbˈnɔːml/	adj.	反常的；不正常的	★高考核心
`automatic`	/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/	adj.	自动的
`automatically`	/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪkli/	adv.	自动地	派生词
`constant`	/ˈkɒnstənt/	adj.	持续的；不断发生的	★高考核心
`constantly`	/ˈkɒnstəntli/	adv.	不断地	派生词
`critical`	/ˈkrɪtɪkl/	adj.	关键的；批判性的	★高考核心
`electrical`	/ɪˈlektrɪkl/	adj.	电的；与电有关的
`leak`	/liːk/ v./n.	泄漏	★高考核心
`potential`	/pəˈtenʃl/	adj./n.	潜在的；潜力	★高考核心
`fantasy`	/ˈfæntəsi/	n.	幻想；想象
`accurate`	/ˈækjərət/	adj.	准确的；精确的	★高考核心
`accuracy`	/ˈækjərəsi/	n.	准确性	派生词
`virtual`	/ˈvɜːtʃuəl/	adj.	虚拟的；实际的	★高考核心
`virtually`	/ˈvɜːtʃuəli/	adv.	实际上；几乎	派生词
`privacy`	/ˈprɪvəsi/	n.	隐私；私密	★高考核心
`opposition`	/ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn/	n.	反对；对立
`nevertheless`	/ˌnevəðəˈles/	adv.	然而；尽管如此	★高考核心
`phenomenon`	/fəˈnɒmɪnən/	n.	现象	★高考核心（复数phenomena）
`adopt`	/əˈdɒpt/	v.	采纳；采用；收养	★高考核心
`artificial`	/ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/	adj.	人工的；人造的	★高考核心
`luxury`	/ˈlʌkʃəri/	n.	奢侈；奢侈品
`available`	/əˈveɪləbl/	adj.	可获得的；可用的	★高考核心
`mode`	/məʊd/	n.	模式；方式

Unit 3: Fascinating Parks（迷人的公园）¶

单词	音标	词性	释义	备注
`fascinating`	/ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/	adj.	迷人的；极有吸引力的	★高考核心
`fascinate`	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	v.	深深吸引；迷住	派生词
`boundary`	/ˈbaʊndri/	n.	边界；分界线	★高考核心
`stretch`	/stretʃ/	v.	延伸；伸展	★高考核心
`visible`	/ˈvɪzəbl/	adj.	可见的；看得见的	★高考核心
`vision`	/ˈvɪʒn/	n.	视力；愿景	派生词
`cottage`	/ˈkɒtɪdʒ/	n.	村舍；小屋
`territory`	/ˈterətri/	n.	领土；地区	★高考核心
`wilderness`	/ˈwɪldənəs/	n.	荒野；旷野
`ban`	/bæn/	v./n.	禁止；禁令	★高考核心
`prohibition`	/ˌprəʊɪˈbɪʃn/	n.	禁止；禁令	派生词
`edge`	/edʒ/	n.	边缘
`glance`	/ɡlɑːns/	v./n.	一瞥；扫视	★高考核心
`destination`	/ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/	n.	目的地	★高考核心
`historical`	/hɪˈstɒrɪkl/	adj.	历史的；有关历史的	★高考核心
`performance`	/pəˈfɔːməns/	n.	表演；表现	★高考核心
`perform`	/pəˈfɔːm/	v.	表演；执行	派生词
`swing`	/swɪŋ/	v./n.	摇摆；秋千
`classic`	/ˈklæsɪk/	adj.	经典的
`exhibition`	/ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/	n.	展览；展示	★高考核心
`exhibit`	/ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/	v.	展示；展览	派生词
`transfer`	/trænsˈfɜː(r)/	v.	转移；换乘	★高考核心
`traditional`	/trəˈdɪʃənl/	adj.	传统的	★高考核心
`tradition`	/trəˈdɪʃn/	n.	传统	派生词
`scenery`	/ˈsiːnəri/	n.	风景；景色	★高考核心
`scenic`	/ˈsiːnɪk/	adj.	风景优美的	派生词
`recreation`	/ˌrekriˈeɪʃn/	n.	娱乐；消遣	★高考核心
`entertainment`	/ˌentəˈteɪnmənt/	n.	娱乐；招待
`abundant`	/əˈbʌndənt/	adj.	丰富的；充裕的	★高考核心
`abundance`	/əˈbʌndəns/	n.	丰富；充裕	派生词
`spectacular`	/spekˈtækjələ(r)/	adj.	壮观的；惊人的	★高考核心
`steep`	/stiːp/	adj.	陡峭的
`glacier`	/ˈɡlæsiə(r)/	n.	冰川
`preserve`	/prɪˈzɜːv/	v.	保护；保存	★高考核心
`conservation`	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	n.	保护；节约	★高考核心
`habitat`	/ˈhæbɪtæt/	n.	栖息地	★高考核心
`species`	/ˈspiːʃiːz/	n.	物种	★高考核心
`ecosystem`	/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/	n.	生态系统
`sustainable`	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	adj.	可持续的	★高考核心
`magnificent`	/mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/	adj.	壮丽的；宏伟的	★高考核心
`breathtaking`	/ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/	adj.	令人叹为观止的
`primitive`	/ˈprɪmətɪv/	adj.	原始的
`unique`	/juːˈniːk/	adj.	独特的；独一无二的	★高考核心
`location`	/ləʊˈkeɪʃn/	n.	位置；地点	★高考核心
`locate`	/ləʊˈkeɪt/	v.	定位；位于	派生词
`appealing`	/əˈpiːlɪŋ/	adj.	有吸引力的；吸引人的	★高考核心
`incredible`	/ɪnˈkredəbl/	adj.	难以置信的	★高考核心

Unit 4: Body Language（肢体语言）¶

单词	音标	词性	释义	备注
`gesture`	/ˈdʒestʃə(r)/	n.	手势；姿态	★高考核心
`interpret`	/ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/	v.	解释；口译	★高考核心
`interpretation`	/ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/	n.	解释；口译	派生词
`demonstrate`	/ˈdemənstreɪt/	v.	演示；证明	★高考核心
`demonstration`	/ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/	n.	演示；示范	派生词
`barrier`	/ˈbæriə(r)/	n.	障碍；屏障	★高考核心
`component`	/kəmˈpəʊnənt/	n.	组成部分；成分	★高考核心
`vary`	/ˈveəri/	v.	变化；不同	★高考核心
`various`	/ˈveəriəs/	adj.	各种各样的	派生词
`variety`	/vəˈraɪəti/	n.	多样性；种类	派生词
`variation`	/ˌveəriˈeɪʃn/	n.	变化；变异	派生词
`reliable`	/rɪˈlaɪəbl/	adj.	可靠的；可信赖的	★高考核心
`rely`	/rɪˈlaɪ/	v.	依赖；依靠	派生词
`internal`	/ɪnˈtɜːnl/	adj.	内部的
`external`	/ɪkˈstɜːnl/	adj.	外部的
`conflict`	/ˈkɒnflɪkt/	n./v.	冲突；矛盾	★高考核心
`pose`	/pəʊz/	n./v.	姿势；摆姿势
`identical`	/aɪˈdentɪkl/	adj.	完全相同的	★高考核心
`identify`	/aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/	v.	识别；确认	派生词
`identity`	/aɪˈdentəti/	n.	身份	派生词
`adjust`	/əˈdʒʌst/	v.	调整；适应	★高考核心
`adjustment`	/əˈdʒʌstmənt/	n.	调整	派生词
`perceive`	/pəˈsiːv/	v.	察觉；感知	★高考核心
`perception`	/pəˈsepʃn/	n.	感知；看法	派生词
`interact`	/ˌɪntərˈækt/	v.	互动；相互作用	★高考核心
`interaction`	/ˌɪntərˈækʃn/	n.	互动；交流	派生词
`cross-cultural`	/ˌkrɒsˈkʌltʃərəl/	adj.	跨文化的
`appropriate`	/əˈprəʊpriət/	adj.	适当的；合适的	★高考核心
`inappropriate`	/ˌɪnəˈprəʊpriət/	adj.	不适当的	派生词
`formal`	/ˈfɔːml/	adj.	正式的	★高考核心
`informal`	/ɪnˈfɔːml/	adj.	非正式的	派生词
`distance`	/ˈdɪstəns/	n.	距离	★高考核心
`maintain`	/meɪnˈteɪn/	v.	维持；保持	★高考核心
`facial`	/ˈfeɪʃl/	adj.	面部的
`expression`	/ɪkˈspreʃn/	n.	表情；表达	★高考核心
`express`	/ɪkˈspres/	v.	表达	派生词
`convey`	/kənˈveɪ/	v.	传达；传递	★高考核心
`implication`	/ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/	n.	含义；暗示	★高考核心
`explicit`	/ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/	adj.	明确的；直截了当的	★高考核心
`implicit`	/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/	adj.	含蓄的	派生词
`differ`	/ˈdɪfə(r)/	v.	不同；相异	★高考核心
`context`	/ˈkɒntekst/	n.	语境；上下文	★高考核心
`signal`	/ˈsɪɡnəl/	n./v.	信号；发出信号	★高考核心
`approval`	/əˈpruːvl/	n.	赞成；批准
`disapproval`	/ˌdɪsəˈpruːvl/	n.	不赞成	派生词
`subtle`	/ˈsʌtl/	adj.	微妙的；细微的	★高考核心
`universal`	/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/	adj.	普遍的；全世界的	★高考核心

Unit 5: Working the Land（耕耘大地/农业）¶

单词	音标	词性	释义	备注
`devote`	/dɪˈvəʊt/	v.	奉献；致力于	★高考核心
`devotion`	/dɪˈvəʊʃn/	n.	奉献；忠诚	派生词
`agriculture`	/ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/	n.	农业	★高考核心
`agricultural`	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/	adj.	农业的	派生词
`crop`	/krɒp/	n.	庄稼；作物	★高考核心
`hunger`	/ˈhʌŋɡə(r)/	n.	饥饿	★高考核心
`hungry`	/ˈhʌŋɡri/	adj.	饥饿的	派生词
`hybrid`	/ˈhaɪbrɪd/	n./adj.	杂交种；杂交的
`yield`	/jiːld/	n./v.	产量；产出	★高考核心
`output`	/ˈaʊtpʊt/	n.	产量；输出	★高考核心
`strain`	/streɪn/	n.	品系；品种；压力
`generation`	/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/	n.	一代；产生	★高考核心
`generate`	/ˈdʒenəreɪt/	v.	产生；发电	派生词
`grain`	/ɡreɪn/	n.	谷物；颗粒	★高考核心
`soil`	/sɔɪl/	n.	土壤
`fertile`	/ˈfɜːtaɪl/	adj.	肥沃的；能生育的	★高考核心
`fertilizer`	/ˈfɜːtəlaɪzə(r)/	n.	肥料
`cultivate`	/ˈkʌltɪveɪt/	v.	耕作；培养	★高考核心
`cultivation`	/ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn/	n.	耕作；培养	派生词
`harvest`	/ˈhɑːvɪst/	n./v.	收获；收割	★高考核心
`farming`	/ˈfɑːmɪŋ/	n.	务农；农业
`labour`	/ˈleɪbə(r)/	n.	劳动；劳工	★高考核心
`technique`	/tekˈniːk/	n.	技术；技巧	★高考核心
`technological`	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	adj.	技术的	派生词
`improve`	/ɪmˈpruːv/	v.	改善；提高	★高考核心
`improvement`	/ɪmˈpruːvmənt/	n.	改善；提高	派生词
`quality`	/ˈkwɒləti/	n.	质量	★高考核心
`quantity`	/ˈkwɒntəti/	n.	数量	★高考核心
`shortage`	/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/	n.	短缺；不足	★高考核心
`solution`	/səˈluːʃn/	n.	解决方案	★高考核心
`solve`	/sɒlv/	v.	解决	派生词
`challenge`	/ˈtʃælɪndʒ/	n./v.	挑战	★高考核心
`overcome`	/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/	v.	克服	★高考核心
`benefit`	/ˈbenɪfɪt/	n./v.	利益；受益	★高考核心
`beneficial`	/ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/	adj.	有益的	派生词
`essential`	/ɪˈsenʃl/	adj.	必要的；基本的	★高考核心
`nutrition`	/njuˈtrɪʃn/	n.	营养	★高考核心
`nutritional`	/njuˈtrɪʃənl/	adj.	营养的	派生词
`origin`	/ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/	n.	起源；源头	★高考核心
`original`	/əˈrɪdʒənl/	adj.	原始的；最初的	派生词
`domestic`	/dəˈmestɪk/	adj.	国内的；家庭的	★高考核心
`guarantee`	/ˌɡærənˈtiː/	v./n.	保证；担保	★高考核心
`conventional`	/kənˈvenʃənl/	adj.	常规的；传统的	★高考核心
`organic`	/ɔːˈɡænɪk/	adj.	有机的	★高考核心
`pesticide`	/ˈpestɪsaɪd/	n.	杀虫剂；农药
`sustainable`	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	adj.	可持续的	★高考核心
`expand`	/ɪkˈspænd/	v.	扩大；扩展	★高考核心
`furthermore`	/ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː(r)/	adv.	此外；而且	★高考核心

三、必会短语与句子 ¶

Unit 1: People of Achievement ¶

重点短语 ¶

be committed to (doing) sth. — 致力于（做）某事 ★高考核心
commit oneself to — 使自己承担；致力于
result in — 导致；造成 ★高考核心
result from — 起因于；由……造成
insist on (doing) sth. — 坚持（做）某事 ★高考核心
wear down — 磨损；使疲劳
wear and tear — 磨损；损耗
come to power — 上台执政 ★高考核心
take up a position — 担任职务；就职
stand on the shoulders of giants — 站在巨人的肩膀上
acknowledge sb. as... — 承认某人是……
carry out — 实施；执行 ★高考核心
devote oneself to — 献身于；致力于 ★高考核心
by chance — 偶然；碰巧
draw a conclusion — 得出结论
in conclusion — 总之；最后 ★高考核心
have an impact on — 对……产生影响 ★高考核心
object to (doing) sth. — 反对（做）某事
be distinct from — 与……不同
against all odds — 克服重重困难

必会句型与重点句子 ¶

Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her discovery of artemisinin, a crucial drug that has saved millions of lives.
- 【语法】that引导限制性定语从句，先行词为drug；a crucial drug作artemisinin的同位语。
- 【翻译】屠呦呦因发现青蒿素——一种拯救了数百万人生命的关键药物——于2015年被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
After committing herself to the project, she and her team encountered numerous difficulties, which they eventually overcame through persistence and teamwork. ★高考核心
- 【语法】which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文整个情况；committing为动词-ing形式作时间状语。
- 【翻译】在投身该项目后，她和她的团队遇到了无数困难，最终通过坚持和团队合作克服了这些困难。
It was through years of painstaking research that Tu Youyou discovered the most effective method of extracting artemisinin. ★高考核心
- 【语法】强调句型It was...that...，强调方式状语through years of painstaking research。
- 【翻译】正是通过多年艰苦的研究，屠呦呦才发现提取青蒿素最有效的方法。
Not only did she review hundreds of traditional recipes, but she also tested them on herself to ensure their safety.
- 【语法】Not only置于句首引起部分倒装；Not only...but also...连接两个并列分句。
- 【翻译】她不仅查阅了数百个传统药方，而且还在自己身上进行试验以确保其安全性。
The discovery of artemisinin has had a profound impact on global health, reducing the death rate from malaria significantly.
- 【语法】reducing...为动词-ing形式作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。
- 【翻译】青蒿素的发现对全球健康产生了深远影响，显著降低了疟疾死亡率。
What makes Tu Youyou remarkable is her unwavering commitment to science and her willingness to take risks for the greater good.
- 【语法】What引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语；to take risks为不定式作后置定语。
- 【翻译】使屠呦呦非凡的，是她对科学的坚定承诺以及为更大利益而冒险的意愿。
She insisted on testing the extract on herself first, despite the potential risks involved. ★高考核心
- 【语法】despite介词短语作让步状语；involved为过去分词作后置定语。
- 【翻译】尽管存在潜在风险，她仍坚持先在自己身上试验提取的药物。
Had she given up at any point during those long years of trial and error, millions of lives might have been lost.
- 【语法】虚拟语气倒装形式，省略if的虚拟条件句；Had she given up = If she had given up。
- 【翻译】如果在漫长反复试验的岁月里她有丝毫放弃，数百万人的生命可能已经丧失。
Her achievement serves as a powerful reminder that traditional Chinese medicine still has much to offer the world.
- 【语法】that引导同位语从句，解释reminder的内容。
- 【翻译】她的成就有力地提醒我们，传统中医药仍然有很多东西可以贡献给世界。
It is widely acknowledged that Tu Youyou’s work represents a perfect combination of ancient wisdom and modern science. ★高考核心
- 【语法】It为形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句；It is widely acknowledged that...是高考高频句式。
- 【翻译】人们普遍认为，屠呦呦的研究代表了古老智慧与现代科学的完美结合。

Unit 2: Looking into the Future ¶

重点短语 ¶

advocate doing sth. — 提倡做某事 ★高考核心
combine A with B — 将A与B结合 ★高考核心
in combination with — 与……结合
resist the temptation — 抵制诱惑
be integrated with — 与……融为一体 ★高考核心
have a preference for — 偏爱
rely on — 依赖；依靠 ★高考核心
be relevant to — 与……相关
detect a problem — 发现问题
cease to do sth. / cease doing sth. — 停止做某事 ★高考核心
adopt a new approach — 采取新方法
be about to do sth. — 正要做某事 ★高考核心
be to do sth. — 按计划将要做某事
in the near future — 在不久的将来
bring about — 引起；导致 ★高考核心
keep pace with — 与……并驾齐驱
be cautious about — 对……谨慎
be available to — 对……可用
oppose / be opposed to — 反对 ★高考核心
pose a threat to — 对……构成威胁 ★高考核心

必会句型与重点句子 ¶

In the not-too-distant future, smart homes will be equipped with intelligent sensors that can detect everything from a gas leak to an intruder. ★高考核心
- 【语法】that引导限制性定语从句，修饰sensors；will be equipped with使用将来时被动语态。
- 【翻译】在不远的将来，智能家居将配备智能传感器，能够探测从煤气泄漏到入侵者的一切异常。
Your home will learn your daily routine and preferences, automatically adjusting the temperature, lighting, and even music to suit your mood.
- 【语法】automatically adjusting...为动词-ing形式作伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作。
- 【翻译】你的家将学习你的日常作息和偏好，自动调节温度、灯光甚至音乐以适合你的心情。
Not only will smart homes make life more convenient, but they will also greatly improve energy efficiency and security. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Not only置于句首引起部分倒装，助动词will提到主语smart homes之前。
- 【翻译】智能家居不仅将使生活更便捷，而且还将大大提高能源效率和安全性。
Nevertheless, there are those who resist the trend, arguing that excessive dependence on technology may pose a threat to our privacy and independence.
- 【语法】who引导定语从句修饰those；arguing that...为-ing形式作伴随状语，that引导宾语从句。
- 【翻译】然而，也有人抵制这一趋势，认为过度依赖技术可能对我们的隐私和独立构成威胁。
The day is coming when virtually every household appliance will be connected to the Internet, creating a seamless network of convenience.
- 【语法】when引导定语从句修饰the day（先行词与从句被谓语分隔）；creating...作结果状语。
- 【翻译】那一天正在到来：几乎每件家用电器都将连接到互联网，创造一个无缝的便利网络。
What concerns many people is that smart devices constantly collect and transmit personal data, which could be misused if it falls into the wrong hands. ★高考核心
- 【语法】What引导主语从句；that引导表语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句指代主句内容；if引导条件状语从句。
- 【翻译】许多人担心的是，智能设备不断收集和传输个人数据，一旦落入不法之徒手中，可能被滥用。
Despite the opposition, the adoption of smart home technology is expected to grow rapidly as more people recognise its potential benefits.
- 【语法】as引导时间/原因状语从句；is expected to被动结构表预测。
- 【翻译】尽管存在反对意见，随着越来越多的人认识到智能家居技术的潜在益处，其普及速度预计将迅速增长。
We are about to enter an era where artificial intelligence will play an increasingly critical role in every aspect of our lives. ★高考核心
- 【语法】be about to do表即将发生；where引导定语从句修饰era。
- 【翻译】我们即将进入一个人工智能将在我们生活各个方面发挥越来越关键作用的时代。
Those who fail to adapt to these changes risk being left behind in a world that is constantly evolving.
- 【语法】who引导定语从句；risk being left behind中being left behind为动名词被动式作宾语。
- 【翻译】那些未能适应这些变化的人，有可能在一个不断发展的世界中被远远抛在后面。
It remains to be seen whether the benefits of smart technology will ultimately outweigh its potential risks.
- 【语法】It为形式主语，whether引导主语从句；remain to be seen为固定搭配。
- 【翻译】智能技术的益处最终是否会超过其潜在风险，仍有待观察。

Unit 3: Fascinating Parks ¶

重点短语 ¶

be located in/at — 位于 ★高考核心
stretch over — 延伸覆盖
be home to — 是……的家园 ★高考核心
be blessed with — 有幸拥有
be rich in — 富含
appeal to — 吸引；对……有吸引力 ★高考核心
up to — 多达；由……决定
wander around — 漫步；闲逛
be familiar with — 熟悉 ★高考核心
be familiar to — 为……所熟悉
ban sb. from doing sth. — 禁止某人做某事
under prohibition — 在禁止之列
make a difference — 产生影响
put...on the map — 使……出名
date back to — 追溯到 ★高考核心
vary from...to... — 从……到……不等
on the edge of — 在……的边缘
at a glance — 一览；一眼
be abundant in — 富含 ★高考核心
protect...from... — 保护……免受

重点句子 ¶

Sarek National Park, located in the far north of Sweden, is a place where nature remains largely untouched by human hands. ★高考核心
- 【语法】located in...为过去分词短语作后置定语；where引导定语从句修饰place。
- 【翻译】萨勒克国家公园位于瑞典最北端，是一个大自然基本未被人类触及的地方。
Stretching over a vast area of mountains, glaciers, and valleys, the park offers visitors a glimpse into a world that has remained unchanged for thousands of years.
- 【语法】Stretching over...为-ing形式短语作状语；that引导定语从句。
- 【翻译】公园横跨广阔的山区、冰川和山谷，为游客提供了一瞥数千年来基本未变的世界的机会。
Having been designated as a national park in 1909, Sarek was one of the first parks in Europe to receive such protection. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Having been designated为-ing形式完成被动式作状语，表示先于主句发生的被动动作。
- 【翻译】萨勒克于1909年被指定为国家公园，是欧洲最早获得此类保护的公园之一。
No roads lead into the park, meaning that visitors must hike for hours through rugged terrain to reach its breathtaking interior.
- 【语法】meaning that...为-ing形式作结果状语；that引导宾语从句。
- 【翻译】没有道路通向公园，这意味着游客必须在崎岖的地形中徒步数小时才能到达其令人叹为观止的腹地。
The Sami people, who have inhabited this territory for centuries, have developed a unique way of life closely tied to the reindeer they herd. ★高考核心
- 【语法】who引导非限制性定语从句；tied to为过去分词短语作后置定语；they herd为省略了that的限制性定语从句。
- 【翻译】萨米人在此居住了数百年，发展出了一种与所放牧的驯鹿紧密相连的独特生活方式。
Wandering through the park, one cannot help but marvel at the magnificent scenery that unfolds at every turn.
- 【语法】Wandering through...为-ing形式作时间状语；cannot help but do为固定搭配。
- 【翻译】漫步于公园之中，人们不禁对每一个转角展现的壮丽景色感到惊叹。
What makes Sarek truly special is the strict prohibition on any form of development, ensuring that the wilderness is preserved for future generations.
- 【语法】What引导主语从句；ensuring that...为-ing形式作结果状语。
- 【翻译】使萨勒克真正特别的是对任何形式开发的严格禁止，确保荒野能为后代保留下来。
Looking out from the mountain edge, visitors are rewarded with a spectacular view of glaciers glistening in the sunlight.
- 【语法】Looking out from...为-ing形式作时间状语；glistening in the sunlight为-ing形式短语作定语修饰glaciers。
- 【翻译】从山崖边缘眺望，游客可以欣赏到在阳光下闪闪发光的冰川壮丽景色。
It is this combination of pristine wilderness and rich cultural heritage that makes Sarek a destination like no other. ★高考核心
- 【语法】强调句型It is...that...，强调主语this combination of pristine wilderness and rich cultural heritage。
- 【翻译】正是原始荒野与丰富文化遗产的结合，使萨勒克成为一个独一无二的旅游目的地。
We are blessed with an abundance of natural wonders, but this blessing comes with a responsibility to protect them.
- 【语法】to protect them不定式作后置定语。
- 【翻译】我们有幸拥有丰富的自然奇观，但这份恩赐也伴随着保护它们的责任。

Unit 4: Body Language ¶

重点短语 ¶

vary from...to... — 从……到……不等 ★高考核心
by contrast — 相比之下 ★高考核心
approve of — 赞成；支持
be aware of — 意识到 ★高考核心
make inferences — 做出推断
be occupied with — 忙于
be uppermost in one's mind — 在某人心中最重要
break down barriers — 打破障碍 ★高考核心
differ from — 与……不同
differ in — 在……方面不同
interact with — 与……互动 ★高考核心
rely on — 依赖；依靠
adjust to — 适应 ★高考核心
be appropriate for — 适合
maintain eye contact — 保持目光接触
communicate with — 与……交流
be identical to — 与……完全相同
convey a message — 传达信息 ★高考核心
be sensitive to — 对……敏感
make a good impression — 留下好印象

重点句子 ¶

Body language, which varies significantly from culture to culture, plays a vital role in non-verbal communication. ★高考核心
- 【语法】which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Body language。
- 【翻译】肢体语言在不同文化之间差异显著，在非语言交际中扮演着至关重要的角色。
What seems like a friendly gesture in one culture may be perceived as offensive in another, making cross-cultural awareness essential. ★高考核心
- 【语法】What引导主语从句；making cross-cultural awareness essential为-ing形式作结果状语。
- 【翻译】在一种文化中看似友好的手势，在另一种文化中可能被视为冒犯，这使得跨文化意识变得不可或缺。
Having studied body language across different cultures for years, researchers have identified both universal expressions and culture-specific gestures.
- 【语法】Having studied...为-ing形式完成式作状语，表示先于主句动作完成的主动动作。
- 【翻译】研究人员研究不同文化的肢体语言多年后，已识别出既有普遍表情，也有特定文化的手势。
In some cultures, maintaining direct eye contact is considered a sign of respect, whereas in others, it may be interpreted as a challenge or threat. ★高考核心
- 【语法】whereas引导对比状语从句；is considered和may be interpreted均为被动语态。
- 【翻译】在某些文化中，保持直接的目光接触被视为尊重的表现，而在其他文化中，它可能被解读为挑战或威胁。
The distance people maintain when interacting with others, known as “personal space,” varies considerably across cultures.
- 【语法】people maintain为省略了that/which的定语从句修饰distance；when interacting with others为-ing形式作时间状语；known as...为过去分词短语作后置定语。
- 【翻译】人们在互动时保持的距离，即所谓的”个人空间”，在不同文化间差异巨大。
Misinterpreting body language can lead to serious misunderstandings, especially in formal or business settings where first impressions are crucial.
- 【语法】Misinterpreting body language为动名词短语作主语；where引导定语从句。
- 【翻译】误读肢体语言可能导致严重的误解，尤其是在第一印象至关重要的正式或商务场合。
Compared with verbal communication, non-verbal signals are often more reliable indicators of a person’s true feelings and intentions. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Compared with...为过去分词短语作状语，表比较。
- 【翻译】与言语交际相比，非语言信号往往更能可靠地反映一个人的真实感受和意图。
It is essential that we be aware of these cultural differences when interacting with people from diverse backgrounds. ★高考核心
- 【语法】It is essential that...后接虚拟语气（should + 动词原形，should可省略），be aware为虚拟语气形式。
- 【翻译】在与来自不同背景的人交流时，我们必须意识到这些文化差异。
A simple nod, identical in meaning across many cultures, can transcend language barriers and convey approval instantly.
- 【语法】identical in meaning across many cultures为形容词短语作插入语/定语。
- 【翻译】一个简单的点头，在许多文化中含义相同，能够超越语言障碍，瞬间传达赞许。
Only by understanding and respecting these differences can we break down the barriers that often exist between people of different cultures. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Only by...置于句首引起部分倒装，助动词can提到主语we之前；that引导定语从句。
- 【翻译】只有理解和尊重这些差异，我们才能打破不同文化人群之间常常存在的障碍。

Unit 5: Working the Land ¶

重点短语 ¶

devote oneself to (doing) sth. — 致力于（做）某事 ★高考核心
be devoted to — 致力于；专用于
be comprised of — 由……组成 ★高考核心
deep down — 在内心深处
in need — 在困难中；在需要时
be worn out — 筋疲力尽；磨破
for instance — 例如
be beneficial to — 对……有益 ★高考核心
be essential for/to — 对……必不可少
overcome difficulties — 克服困难
guarantee the safety of — 保证……的安全
food security — 粮食安全 ★高考核心
bring about changes — 带来变化
be faced with — 面临 ★高考核心
focus on — 集中于 ★高考核心
contribute to — 贡献；导致 ★高考核心
make a contribution to — 对……做出贡献
be known as — 作为……而闻名 ★高考核心
put forward — 提出
address the problem — 解决问题

重点句子 ¶

Yuan Longping, known as the “father of hybrid rice,” devoted his entire life to solving the problem of global hunger. ★高考核心
- 【语法】known as...为过去分词短语作定语；devoted...to solving中to为介词，后接动名词。
- 【翻译】袁隆平，被誉为”杂交水稻之父”，将他的一生致力于解决全球饥饿问题。
Having devoted decades to agricultural research, Yuan developed the first strain of hybrid rice capable of producing yields 20% higher than conventional varieties. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Having devoted...为-ing形式完成式作状语；capable of producing...为形容词短语作后置定语。
- 【翻译】经过数十年的农业研究投入，袁隆平培育出了第一个杂交水稻品系，其产量比常规品种高20%。
What drove him forward was not fame or wealth, but a deep desire to ensure that no one in the world would go to bed hungry.
- 【语法】What引导主语从句；not...but...并列结构；to ensure that...不定式作后置定语；that引导宾语从句。
- 【翻译】驱动他前进的不是名利，而是一种确保世界上没有人饿着肚子入睡的深切愿望。
His hybrid rice has been planted in dozens of countries, benefiting millions of people across the globe. ★高考核心
- 【语法】has been planted为现在完成时被动语态；benefiting millions...为-ing形式作结果状语。
- 【翻译】他的杂交水稻已在数十个国家种植，惠及全球数百万人。
Despite achieving remarkable success, Yuan remained a humble farmer at heart, continuing to work in the fields well into his nineties.
- 【语法】Despite achieving...为介词+动名词作让步状语；continuing to work...为-ing形式作伴随状语。
- 【翻译】尽管取得了非凡成就，袁隆平内心始终是一个朴实的农民，九十多岁高龄仍在田间劳作。
Given that the global population is expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, the importance of agricultural innovation cannot be overstated. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Given that...引导原因状语从句；cannot be overstated意为”再怎么强调也不为过”。
- 【翻译】鉴于全球人口预计到2050年将接近100亿，农业创新的重要性再怎么强调都不为过。
Not only did Yuan’s research dramatically increase crop yields, but it also contributed significantly to global food security. ★高考核心
- 【语法】Not only置于句首引起部分倒装；contribute to为高考高频搭配。
- 【翻译】袁隆平的研究不仅大幅提高了作物产量，而且对全球粮食安全做出了重大贡献。
The challenge we are faced with today is how to feed a growing population while preserving the environment for future generations.
- 【语法】we are faced with today为省略that的定语从句；how to feed...为”疑问词+不定式”作表语。
- 【翻译】我们今天面临的挑战是，如何在为后代保护环境的同时养活不断增长的人口。
It was his unwavering devotion to the land and its people that made Yuan Longping one of the most respected figures in modern agriculture. ★高考核心
- 【语法】强调句型It was...that...，强调主语。
- 【翻译】正是他对土地及其人民的坚定奉献，使袁隆平成为现代农业中最受尊敬的人物之一。
Conventional farming methods alone will not be sufficient to address the looming food crisis; sustainable agricultural practices must be adopted on a global scale.
- 【语法】分号连接两个并列分句；must be adopted为被动语态。
- 【翻译】仅靠常规耕作方法不足以应对迫在眉睫的粮食危机；必须在全球范围内采用可持续的农业实践。

四、语法知识详解 ¶

Unit 1: 非限制性定语从句（深化） ★高考核心 ¶

1. 基本概念 ¶

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完整。不用逗号隔开。
例：The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.（我昨天买的那本书很有趣。）
非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用，可以省略而不影响主句的完整性。用逗号与主句隔开。
例：My father, who is a doctor, works very hard.（我父亲是医生，工作非常辛苦。）

2. 关系词的使用规则 ★高考核心 ¶

关系词	先行词	在从句中充当成分	非限制性可用
`who`	人	主语	✔
`whom`	人	宾语	✔
`whose`	人/物	定语	✔
`which`	物	主语/宾语	✔
`when`	时间名词	时间状语	✔
`where`	地点名词	地点状语	✔
`that`	人/物	主语/宾语	✘（不可用于非限制性）

关键规则：
- that 不能用于非限制性定语从句。
- 非限制性定语从句的which可以指代整个主句的内容。
- 例：He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.（他通过了考试，这让他的父母非常高兴。）

3. 关系代词 `which` 指代整个主句 ★高考核心 ¶

which在非限制性定语从句中可指代前面整个句子的内容，这是高考高频考点。

The heavy rain lasted for three days, which caused severe flooding in the region.（大雨持续了三天，这导致了该地区的严重洪灾。）
Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize, which brought great honour to China.（屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔奖，这为中国带来了巨大的荣誉。）

4. “介词 + which/whom” 结构 ★高考核心 ¶

在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which和whom可跟在介词之后，构成”介词 + which/whom”结构。

This is the laboratory in which Tu Youyou conducted her experiments.（这就是屠呦呦进行实验的实验室。）
The scientist to whom I spoke yesterday will give a lecture next week.（我昨天与之交谈的那位科学家下周将做讲座。）

注意：介词的选择取决于从句中的搭配关系。in which = where，on which = when等。

5. 关系副词的用法 ¶

when：先行词为时间名词，在从句中作时间状语。
In 2015, when Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize, the whole world celebrated her achievement.
where：先行词为地点名词，在从句中作地点状语。
Peking University, where she studied medicine, is one of the top universities in China.
why：先行词为reason，在从句中作原因状语（一般用于限制性定语从句）。
The reason why she succeeded is her persistence.

6. as 引导的非限制性定语从句 ★高考核心 ¶

as也可引导非限制性定语从句，意为”正如”，位置灵活（可置于句首、句中、句末）。

As we all know, Tu Youyou is a great scientist.（众所周知，屠呦呦是一位伟大的科学家。）
Tu Youyou, as is well known, discovered artemisinin.（众所周知，屠呦呦发现了青蒿素。）
Her discovery was groundbreaking, as many experts have pointed out.（她的发现是开创性的，正如许多专家所指出的。）

比较 as 和 which：
- as有”正如”之意，引导的从句可置于句首。
- which无”正如”之意，只能置于主句之后。

7. 高考常见考点归纳 ¶

非限制性定语从句中只能用which，不能用that。
which指代整个主句内容时，从句用逗号隔开。
“介词+which/whom”结构的介词选择。
as与which的区别：as可放句首，表”正如”；which不可放句首。
whose可指代人或物，在从句中作定语。

Unit 2: 将来时态综合 ★高考核心 ¶

1. 概述 ¶

英语中表示将来的时态有多种形式，各有不同的用法和含义，是高考高频考点。

2. will do 的用法 ¶

（1）表示对未来事情的预测（无需主观意图）
- I think it will rain tomorrow.（我认为明天会下雨。）
- In the future, smart homes will become common.（将来，智能家居将变得普遍。）

（2）表示临时的决定或意图（并非事先计划）
- — The phone is ringing. — I will answer it.（— 电话响了。— 我去接。）

（3）表示意愿或拒绝
- I will help you with your homework.（我愿意帮你做作业。）
- The door won't open.（门打不开。——无生命主语的拒绝）

3. be going to do 的用法 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）表示已经计划或打算做某事
- She is going to study medicine next year.（她计划明年学医。）

（2）表示根据当前迹象推断即将发生的事
- Look at those dark clouds! It is going to rain.（看那些乌云！要下雨了。）

will do vs. be going to do：
- 表示有计划、有打算 → 用be going to do
- 表示临时决定 → 用will do
- 两者均可用于预测，但be going to do暗示有当前迹象为依据

4. be to do 的用法 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）表示按计划、安排将要发生的事（常用于新闻报道、官方文件）
- The Prime Minister is to visit China next month.（首相将于下月访华。）
- The conference is to be held in Beijing.（会议将在北京举行。——被动）

（2）表示命令、要求或禁止
- You are to finish the work by Friday.（你必须在周五前完成这项工作。——命令）
- Visitors are not to take photos inside the museum.（参观者不得在博物馆内拍照。——禁止）

（3）表示注定要发生的事
- The discovery was to change the course of medical history.（这一发现注定要改变医学史的进程。）

5. be about to do 的用法 ★高考核心 ¶

表示即将、马上要做的事，常与when连用。

The experiment is about to begin.（实验即将开始。）
I was about to leave when the phone rang.（我正要离开，这时电话响了。）

注意：be about to do不与具体时间状语连用（不能说 is about to begin soon），但可与when从句搭配。

6. be doing 表将来 ★高考核心 ¶

某些动词的现在进行时可表示按计划即将发生的动作，常用于位移动词和动作动词。

常用动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, fly, travel, stay, meet等。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.（我明天动身去北京。）
The delegation is arriving this afternoon.（代表团今天下午到达。）

7. 一般现在时表将来 ¶

用于表示按时间表、日程表将要发生的动作，常用于交通时刻表。

The train leaves at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.（火车明天早上8点发车。）
The exhibition opens next Monday.（展览下周一开放。）

8. 六种将来时态形式对比总结 ¶

形式	用法	例句
`will do`	预测/临时决定/意愿	It will be sunny tomorrow.
`be going to do`	计划打算/有迹象的预测	She is going to travel abroad.
`be to do`	官方计划/命令/注定	The meeting is to take place next week.
`be about to do`	即将发生（马上）	The show is about to start.
`be doing`	按计划的位移/动作	I am flying to London tonight.
一般现在时	时刻表/日程表	The flight departs at 6 p.m.

9. 将来进行时和将来完成时（进阶） ★高考核心 ¶

（1）将来进行时：will be doing
- 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
- This time tomorrow, I will be flying to New York.（明天这个时候，我将正在飞往纽约的途中。）

（2）将来完成时：will have done
- 表示在将来某一时间点之前已完成的动作。
- By the end of this year, scientists will have developed a new vaccine.（到今年年底，科学家们将已研发出一种新疫苗。）

Unit 3: 动词-ing形式作状语（综合） ★高考核心 ¶

1. 基本概念 ¶

动词的-ing形式（现在分词）具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，可在句中作状语，修饰主句的谓语动词或整个句子。

关键原则：-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。

✅ Walking in the park, I saw a beautiful bird.（我在公园散步时看到了一只美丽的鸟。）— walking的逻辑主语是I
❌ Walking in the park, a bird caught my attention.（错误）— walking的逻辑主语应是a bird，显然不合理

2. -ing形式作时间状语 ★高考核心 ¶

表示主句动作发生的时间，可转换为when/while/after + 从句。

Hearing the news, she burst into tears. (= When she heard the news, she burst into tears.)
Having finished his homework, he went out to play. (= After he had finished his homework, he went out to play.)

注意：having done表示动作先于主句动作完成。

3. -ing形式作原因状语 ★高考核心 ¶

表示主句动作发生的原因，可转换为because/since/as + 从句。

Being a scientist, she was naturally curious about everything. (= Because she was a scientist, …)
Not knowing the answer, he remained silent. (= Because he didn’t know the answer, …)

4. -ing形式作条件状语 ¶

表示主句动作发生的条件，可转换为if + 从句。

Working hard, you will achieve your goals. (= If you work hard, …)
Turning to the right, you will see the museum. (= If you turn to the right, …)

5. -ing形式作让步状语 ¶

表示让步，可转换为though/although + 从句，常与though连用。

Knowing the risks involved, she still decided to proceed. (= Though she knew the risks, …)
Admitting that he was wrong, he still refused to apologise. (= Though he admitted that he was wrong, …)

6. -ing形式作结果状语 ★高考核心 ¶

表示主句动作自然而然导致的结果，位于句末，前面常加逗号。

The volcano erupted, destroying the entire village.（火山喷发，摧毁了整个村庄。）
Her invention was widely adopted, saving countless lives.（她的发明被广泛采用，拯救了无数生命。）

对比：不定式to do作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果，而-ing形式作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。
- He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.（他匆忙赶到车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。——出乎意料）
- The hurricane hit the coast, causing massive destruction.（飓风袭击海岸，造成了巨大破坏。——自然结果）

7. -ing形式作方式/伴随状语 ★高考核心 ¶

表示主句动作发生的方式或伴随情况。

She sat by the window, reading a novel.（她坐在窗边，读着一本小说。）
The children ran out of the classroom, laughing and shouting.（孩子们跑出教室，笑着喊着。）

8. -ing形式完成式：having done ★高考核心 ¶

当-ing形式的动作先于主句动作完成时，使用having done。

Having completed the experiment, the team published their findings.（完成实验后，团队发表了他们的发现。）
Having lived in China for ten years, he speaks fluent Mandarin.（在中国生活了十年后，他能说流利的普通话。）

9. -ing形式被动式：being done / having been done ★高考核心 ¶

being done：正在被做的动作。
Being asked to give a speech, she felt nervous.（被要求做演讲时，她感到紧张。）
having been done：已被完成的动作（先于主句完成）。
Having been informed of the change, we adjusted our plans.（被告知变更后，我们调整了计划。）

10. -ing形式的否定形式 ¶

否定词not放在-ing形式之前。

Not knowing what to do, I asked my teacher for advice.（不知道该怎么办，我向老师请教。）
Not having received a reply, she sent another email.（没有收到回复，她又发了一封邮件。）

11. 独立主格结构中的-ing形式 ¶

当-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，需带上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

Weather permitting, we will go hiking tomorrow.（天气允许的话，我们明天去远足。— weather是permitting的逻辑主语）
The meeting being over, everyone went home.（会议结束后，大家都回家了。）

Unit 4: 过去分词作定语/表语/宾补/状语 ★高考核心 ¶

1. 基本概念 ¶

过去分词（past participle，即动词的-ed形式）具有动词、形容词和副词的特征。与-ing形式不同，过去分词表示被动或完成的含义。

核心原则：及物动词的过去分词表被动；不及物动词的过去分词表完成。

形式	含义	示例
-ing形式（现在分词）	主动、进行	`boiling water`（正在沸腾的水）
-ed形式（过去分词）	被动、完成	`boiled water`（烧开的水）

2. 过去分词作定语 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）前置定语：单个过去分词放在被修饰词之前。

a broken window（一扇破了的窗户）
a written report（一份书面报告）
frozen food（冷冻食品）

（2）后置定语：过去分词短语放在被修饰词之后。

The book written by Tu Youyou is very popular.（屠呦呦写的书很受欢迎。）
The students educated in this school perform well.（在这所学校接受教育的学生表现出色。）

（3）-ing形式与-ed形式作定语的区别 ★高考核心

-ing形式	-ed形式
表示主动、进行	表示被动、完成
`exciting` news（令人兴奋的消息）	`excited` people（感到兴奋的人）
`falling` leaves（正在飘落的树叶）	`fallen` leaves（已经落下的树叶）
`developing` countries（发展中国家）	`developed` countries（发达国家）

3. 过去分词作表语 ★高考核心 ¶

过去分词作表语表示主语的状态或感受，主语通常是人。

She was exhausted after the long experiment.（长时间的实验后她筋疲力尽。）
We are delighted with the results.（我们对结果感到高兴。）
The door remained closed.（门仍然关着。）

注意：过去分词作表语表示状态，而不是被动动作。
- He was interested in science.（他对科学感兴趣。——状态）
- He was interested by the question.（他被那个问题吸引了。——被动）

4. 过去分词作宾语补足语 ★高考核心 ¶

过去分词作宾补表示宾语被完成的动作或所处的状态。常用于以下结构：

（1）have / get sth. done
- I had my hair cut yesterday.（我昨天理了发。——让别人做）
- She got her computer repaired.（她让人修好了电脑。）

（2）make oneself done
- He couldn’t make himself understood in English.（他无法用英语让别人听懂自己。）
- The speaker made himself heard across the hall.（演讲者让整个大厅都能听到他的声音。）

（3）find / keep / leave + 宾语 + done
- She found the window broken when she returned.（她回来时发现窗户破了。）
- Please keep me informed of any changes.（请让我了解任何变化。）
- He left the work unfinished.（他留下了未完成的工作。）

（4）see / hear / watch / notice + 宾语 + done
- I saw the man arrested by the police.（我看到那个男人被警察逮捕了。）
- We heard the song sung in French.（我们听到那首歌用法语演唱。）

5. 过去分词作状语 ★高考核心 ¶

过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致，且主语与分词之间是被动关系。

（1）时间状语
- Asked about his success, he smiled modestly. (= When he was asked about his success, …)
- Given more time, we could have done better. (= If we were given more time, …)

（2）原因状语
- Exhausted by the long journey, he fell asleep immediately. (= Because he was exhausted by the long journey, …)
- Inspired by Tu Youyou’s story, many young people chose to study science. (= Because they were inspired by …)

（3）条件状语
- Compared with conventional methods, the new technique is far more efficient. (= If it is compared with …)
- Given another chance, I would do it differently. (= If I were given another chance, …)

（4）让步状语
- Though defeated in the first round, the team didn’t give up. (= Though they were defeated in the first round, …)
- Wounded in battle, he continued to fight. (= Though he was wounded in battle, …)

（5）方式/伴随状语
- She walked into the room, followed by her assistants.（她走进房间，后面跟着助手们。）
- The teacher entered the classroom, armed with a stack of papers.（老师走进教室，手里拿着一叠试卷。）

6. -ing形式与-ed形式作状语的对比 ★高考核心 ¶

项目	-ing形式	-ed形式
语态	主动	被动
时间	进行	完成
逻辑主语	与主语是主动关系	与主语是被动关系

Seeing from the hill, I found the city beautiful.（从山上往下看，我觉得城市很美。——主动）
Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.（从山上往下看，城市很美。——被动）

7. “with + 宾语 + 过去分词” 结构 ★高考核心 ¶

With the work finished, they went home happily.（工作完成后，他们高高兴兴地回家了。）
She stood there with her eyes closed.（她闭着眼睛站在那里。）

8. 过去分词的固定搭配 ¶

given that...（考虑到……；鉴于）
Given that he is only ten, his performance is remarkable.
compared to/with（与……相比）
Compared with last year, our sales have doubled.
born in/of（出生于/源于）
Born in a poor family, he worked hard to change his destiny.
dressed in（穿着）
Dressed in a white coat, the doctor looked professional.

Unit 5: 被动语态综合复习 ★高考核心 ¶

1. 基本概念 ¶

被动语态的基本结构为be + 过去分词，表示主语是动作的承受者。

2. 各种时态的被动语态 ★高考核心 ¶

时态	主动结构	被动结构
一般现在时	do/does	is/am/are done
一般过去时	did	was/were done
一般将来时	will do	will be done
现在进行时	is doing	is being done
过去进行时	was doing	was being done
现在完成时	has done	has been done
过去完成时	had done	had been done
将来完成时	will have done	will have been done

例句：
- Artemisinin was discovered by Tu Youyou in the 1970s.（一般过去时被动）
- The new vaccine is being tested in laboratories worldwide.（现在进行时被动）
- Hybrid rice has been planted in over 40 countries.（现在完成时被动）
- The results will be published next month.（一般将来时被动）

3. 含情态动词的被动语态 ¶

结构：情态动词 + be + 过去分词

The problem must be solved immediately.（这个问题必须立即解决。）
The results can be seen on the website.（结果可以在网站上看到。）
The equipment should be handled with care.（设备应小心操作。）

4. 不定式的被动式 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）一般不定式的被动式：to be done
- The project needs to be completed by next month.（这个项目需要在下个月前完成。）
- He wants to be promoted to a higher position.（他想被提升到更高的职位。）

（2）进行不定式的被动式：to be being done
- The report seems to be being written now.（报告似乎正在被撰写。）（rare）

（3）完成不定式的被动式：to have been done
- The bridge is said to have been built in the 18th century.（据说这座桥建于18世纪。）

5. 动名词的被动式：being done ¶

He dislikes being criticized in public.（他不喜欢在公开场合被批评。）
The problem is worth being discussed further.（这个问题值得进一步讨论。）

6. 特殊被动结构 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）It is said that… / Sb. is said to do…

句型	含义
It is said that he is a genius.	据说他是个天才。
He is said to be a genius.	据说他是个天才。
It is reported that…	据报道……
It is believed that…	人们认为……
It is widely acknowledged that…	人们普遍认为……

It is reported that the new drug has cured thousands of patients.
The scientist is reported to have made a breakthrough.

（2）get + 过去分词（口语化被动）
- He got injured in the accident.（他在事故中受伤了。）
- The window got broken during the storm.（窗户在暴风中被打破了。）

（3）sth. need/want/require doing = sth. need/want/require to be done
- The car needs washing = The car needs to be washed.（车需要洗了。）

7. 短语动词的被动语态 ★高考核心 ¶

短语动词（动词+介词/副词）变为被动语态时，介词/副词不可省略。

The project was carried out successfully.（项目成功完成了。）
The meeting has been put off until next week.（会议推迟到下周了。）
The problem is being dealt with now.（问题正在处理中。）

8. 不能使用被动语态的情况 ★高考核心 ¶

（1）不及物动词没有被动语态
- ❌ The accident was happened yesterday.
- ✅ The accident happened yesterday.

常见不及物动词：happen, occur, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, appear, seem等。

（2）表示状态的动词不用被动
- ❌ The book is belonged to me.
- ✅ The book belongs to me.

常见动词：belong to, have, own, possess, fit, suit, lack, resemble, cost, weigh, measure等。

（3）宾语为反身代词或相互代词时不用被动
- ❌ Himself was hidden behind the tree.
- ✅ He hid himself behind the tree.

（4）某些固定搭配不可变被动
- take place, lose heart, make up one’s mind, keep one’s word 等。

9. 主动表被动的情况 ★高考核心（易错点）¶

以下情况形式上主动，意义上被动：

（1）某些动词的主语为物时：sell, read, wash, wear, open, lock, cut, cook等
- The book sells well.（这本书卖得好。）
- The door won't lock.（门锁不上。）
- The cloth washes easily.（这种布料容易洗。）

（2）某些系动词+形容词
- The food tastes delicious.（食物尝起来很美味。）
- The material feels soft.（这种材料摸起来很柔软。）

（3）need/want/require + doing
- The room needs cleaning.（房间需要打扫了。）

（4）be worth + doing
- The book is worth reading.（这本书值得一读。）

（5）不定式作定语，与所修饰词构成动宾关系
- I have a lot of work to do.（我有很多工作要做。）
- Give me something to read.（给我一些可读的东西。）

五、必会文章（课文重点）¶

Unit 1: People of Achievement — Tu Youyou and Artemisinin ¶

课文重点段落摘录与分析 ¶

Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine on 5 October 2015 for her discovery of artemisinin, the most powerful drug for treating malaria, which has saved millions of lives worldwide.

【长难句分析】
- 主句：Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize
- 原因状语：for her discovery of artemisinin
- 同位语：the most powerful drug for treating malaria，补充说明artemisinin
- 非限制性定语从句：which has saved millions of lives worldwide，修饰artemisinin，which不可替换为that

【语言点】
- be awarded...for...：因……被授予……（被动语态）
- treat malaria：治疗疟疾
- save lives：拯救生命

After committing herself to finding a cure for malaria, Tu Youyou reviewed hundreds of traditional Chinese medical texts, looking for clues that might lead her to an effective treatment.

【长难句分析】
- 时间状语：After committing herself to finding...（动词-ing形式作时间状语，commit oneself to doing固定搭配中的to为介词）
- 主句：Tu Youyou reviewed hundreds of traditional Chinese medical texts
- 伴随状语：looking for clues...（动词-ing形式作伴随状语）
- 定语从句：that might lead her to an effective treatment（that引导限制性定语从句，修饰clues）

【语言点】
- commit oneself to doing sth.：致力于做某事（to为介词）
- look for：寻找
- lead sb. to sth.：引导某人找到某物

Her team tested the medicine on themselves to prove that it was safe, willing to risk their own lives for the sake of the millions who suffered from the disease.

【长难句分析】
- 主句：Her team tested the medicine on themselves
- 目的状语：to prove that it was safe（不定式作目的状语，that引导宾语从句）
- 伴随状语：willing to risk their own lives...（形容词短语作伴随状语，逻辑主语为Her team）
- 定语从句：who suffered from the disease（who引导限制性定语从句，修饰millions）

【语言点】
- test sth. on sb.：在某人身上试验某物
- be willing to do sth.：愿意做某事
- risk one's life for：为……冒生命危险
- for the sake of：为了……的利益
- suffer from：患……病；遭受

What Tu Youyou achieved was not just a scientific triumph but also a victory for traditional Chinese medicine, which she believed held untapped potential for modern healthcare.

【长难句分析】
- 主语从句：What Tu Youyou achieved（What在从句中作宾语）
- 并列结构：not just...but also...
- 非限制性定语从句：which she believed held untapped potential...（which指代前文traditional Chinese medicine；she believed为插入语；held为定语从句的谓语）

【语言点】
- not just...but also...：不仅……而且……
- hold potential for：对……具有潜力
- untapped：未开发的（过去分词转化为形容词）

Unit 2: Looking into the Future — Smart Homes to Make Life Easier ¶

课文重点段落摘录与分析 ¶

In the future, smart homes will be equipped with intelligent sensors and automated systems that can monitor and control nearly every aspect of daily life, from temperature and lighting to security and energy consumption.

【长难句分析】
- 时间状语：In the future
- 主句：smart homes will be equipped with intelligent sensors and automated systems（将来时被动语态）
- 定语从句：that can monitor and control nearly every aspect of daily life（that引导限制性定语从句，修饰sensors and systems）
- 介词短语：from...to...（表示范围）

【语言点】
- be equipped with：配备有
- monitor and control：监控和控制
- energy consumption：能源消耗

Your intelligent home will learn your daily routine and personal preferences, automatically adjusting its operations to create the most comfortable and efficient environment for you.

【长难句分析】
- 主句：Your intelligent home will learn your daily routine and personal preferences
- 伴随状语：automatically adjusting its operations（动词-ing形式作伴随状语）
- 目的状语：to create the most comfortable and efficient environment for you（不定式作目的状语）

【语言点】
- daily routine：日常作息
- personal preferences：个人偏好
- adjust operations：调整运行方式

While these innovations promise greater convenience and efficiency, they also raise important questions about privacy and security, as the constant collection of personal data could potentially be misused.

【长难句分析】
- 让步状语从句：While these innovations promise greater convenience and efficiency（While在此表”虽然”）
- 主句：they also raise important questions about privacy and security
- 原因状语从句：as the constant collection of personal data could potentially be misused（as表原因）

【语言点】
- promise：预示；允诺（此处意为”带来……的前景”）
- raise questions about：提出关于……的问题
- constant collection：持续收集
- be misused：被滥用（被动语态）

Unit 3: Fascinating Parks — Sarek National Park ¶

课文重点段落摘录与分析 ¶

Sarek National Park, located in the remote far north of Sweden above the Arctic Circle, is a land of breathtaking beauty where glaciers, mountains, and rivers create a landscape unlike any other on Earth.

【长难句分析】
- 主语：Sarek National Park
- 过去分词短语作定语：located in the remote far north of Sweden above the Arctic Circle（修饰主语）
- 主句谓语：is
- 表语：a land of breathtaking beauty
- 定语从句：where glaciers, mountains, and rivers create a landscape unlike any other on Earth（where引导定语从句，修饰land）

【语言点】
- be located in：位于
- above the Arctic Circle：北极圈以上
- unlike any other：与任何其他都不同

Having been protected as a national park since 1909, Sarek remains one of Europe’s last true wilderness areas, where human development is strictly prohibited and nature is allowed to follow its own course.

【长难句分析】
- 完成被动式作状语：Having been protected as a national park since 1909（表示先于主句发生的被动动作）
- 主句：Sarek remains one of Europe's last true wilderness areas
- 定语从句：where human development is strictly prohibited and nature is allowed to follow its own course（where引导定语从句，含两个并列分句，均为被动语态）

【语言点】
- remain：保持（系动词）
- be strictly prohibited：被严格禁止
- follow its own course：遵从自然规律

Unit 4: Body Language — The Power of Non-Verbal Communication ¶

课文重点段落摘录与分析 ¶

Body language, consisting of gestures, facial expressions, and posture, communicates far more information than most people realize, making it an essential component of human interaction.

【长难句分析】
- 主语：Body language
- 动词-ing短语作定语：consisting of gestures, facial expressions, and posture（解释body language的组成）
- 主句谓语和宾语：communicates far more information than most people realize
- 比较状语从句：than most people realize
- 动词-ing形式作结果状语：making it an essential component of human interaction

【语言点】
- consist of：由……组成
- facial expressions：面部表情
- far more...than...：远比……更……

What makes body language particularly challenging is that the same gesture can convey entirely different meanings across cultures, potentially leading to serious misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication.

【长难句分析】
- 主语从句：What makes body language particularly challenging（What在从句中作主语）
- 表语从句：that the same gesture can convey entirely different meanings across cultures
- 动词-ing形式作结果状语：potentially leading to serious misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication

【语言点】
- What makes...challengening：使……具有挑战性的是
- convey different meanings：传达不同含义
- lead to misunderstandings：导致误解

Unit 5: Working the Land — Yuan Longping and Hybrid Rice ¶

课文重点段落摘录与分析 ¶

Yuan Longping, who devoted his entire life to agricultural research, developed the world’s first hybrid rice varieties, which dramatically increased crop yields and helped feed millions of people across the globe.

【长难句分析】
- 主语：Yuan Longping
- 非限制性定语从句：who devoted his entire life to agricultural research（修饰主语）
- 主句谓语：developed
- 宾语：the world's first hybrid rice varieties
- 非限制性定语从句：which dramatically increased crop yields and helped feed millions of people across the globe（which指代hybrid rice varieties，从句含两个并列谓语）

【语言点】
- devote one's life to：将一生奉献给（to为介词）
- dramatically increase：大幅提高
- help (to) feed：帮助养活

Despite having achieved what many considered impossible, Yuan remained a humble man who continued to work in the fields, driven by a simple yet powerful belief: that no one should go hungry in a world capable of producing enough food for all.

【长难句分析】
- 让步状语：Despite having achieved what many considered impossible（介词despite+动名词完成式；what引导宾语从句作achieved的宾语）
- 主句：Yuan remained a humble man
- 定语从句：who continued to work in the fields
- 过去分词短语作原因状语：driven by a simple yet powerful belief
- 同位语从句：that no one should go hungry in a world capable of producing enough food for all（解释belief的内容）

【语言点】
- Despite having done：尽管已经做了（despite+动名词）
- what many considered impossible：许多人认为不可能的事
- be driven by：被……驱动
- go hungry：挨饿
- capable of producing：有能力生产

六、阅读材料（拓展阅读）¶

Passage 1: The Woman Who Conquered Malaria（杰出人物传记）¶

In the annals of medical history, few stories are as inspiring as that of Tu Youyou. Born in 1930 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu would grow up to become one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. Her journey, however, was anything but straightforward.

In the late 1960s, malaria had become a devastating global health crisis. Conventional treatments were losing their effectiveness as the parasite developed resistance. The Chinese government launched a secret military project, code-named “Project 523,” to find a new cure. Tu Youyou, then a young researcher, was appointed head of the project’s research team.

Tu turned to ancient Chinese medical texts for inspiration. After reviewing thousands of traditional recipes, she discovered a crucial reference in a 1,600-year-old text written by Ge Hong, which mentioned using sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) to treat fevers. However, initial experiments failed because the high-temperature extraction process destroyed the active compound.

Through painstaking trial and error, Tu discovered that low-temperature extraction using ether preserved the active ingredient. The resulting substance, artemisinin, proved remarkably effective against malaria. In a bold act of self-experimentation, Tu and her team members volunteered to test the extract on themselves to confirm its safety before proceeding to clinical trials.

The impact of Tu’s discovery has been nothing short of extraordinary. According to the World Health Organization, artemisinin-based combination therapies have saved millions of lives, primarily in Africa and Southeast Asia. In recognition of her monumental contribution, Tu was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015, becoming the first Chinese woman to receive a Nobel Prize in science.

What makes Tu Youyou’s story particularly remarkable is not merely the scientific achievement itself, but the perseverance she demonstrated throughout decades of tireless work. She conducted her research during some of China’s most difficult periods, often working in primitive conditions with limited resources. Yet she never wavered in her commitment to finding a cure.

Today, at an age when most people have long retired, Tu continues to advocate for the integration of traditional Chinese medicine with modern scientific methods. Her legacy serves as a powerful testament to the proposition that great achievements often require not just intelligence and opportunity, but above all, unwavering dedication.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

What was “Project 523”?
A) A project to develop new weapons
B) A secret government project to find a malaria cure
C) An international health initiative
D) A traditional medicine preservation program
Why did initial experiments with sweet wormwood fail?
A) The plant was too rare to find
B) The high-temperature extraction destroyed the active compound
C) The researchers lacked proper equipment
D) The parasite had developed resistance
What did Tu and her team do to confirm the safety of the extract?
A) They tested it on animals first
B) They conducted clinical trials immediately
C) They volunteered to test it on themselves
D) They sent it to an international laboratory
The word “monumental” in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A) small
B) historical
C) enormous and significant
D) controversial
What can be inferred about Tu Youyou from the passage?
A) She came from a wealthy family
B) She worked under ideal conditions
C) She demonstrated extraordinary perseverance
D) She retired early after her discovery

参考答案：1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C

Passage 2: Smart Cities: Utopia or Dystopia?（未来科技展望）¶

The concept of smart cities has captured the imagination of urban planners and technology enthusiasts alike. By integrating artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics, smart cities promise to revolutionize urban living in ways that were unimaginable just a decade ago.

Imagine a city where traffic lights adjust in real time to ease congestion, where waste bins signal when they need emptying, and where energy grids distribute power based on actual demand rather than estimates. In Barcelona, smart water management systems have already reduced water consumption by 25 percent, while intelligent street lighting has cut energy costs significantly. Singapore, often cited as a pioneer in smart city development, uses an extensive network of sensors to monitor everything from air quality to crowd density.

However, the vision of smart cities is not without its critics. Privacy advocates raise serious concerns about the constant surveillance that smart city infrastructure entails. When every street corner is equipped with cameras and sensors, the line between public safety and intrusive monitoring becomes dangerously blurred. Moreover, the vast amounts of data collected — including people’s movements, habits, and interactions — could be vulnerable to cyberattacks or misuse by authorities.

There is also the question of equity. Smart city technologies tend to benefit affluent neighborhoods first, where infrastructure is already robust and residents can afford smart devices. This risks creating a “digital divide” where disadvantaged communities are left further behind, deprived of the efficiency and convenience that smart systems offer.

Furthermore, an over-reliance on technology can create new vulnerabilities. In 2017, a ransomware attack crippled systems in several cities worldwide, disrupting healthcare, transportation, and emergency services. As cities become increasingly dependent on digital infrastructure, the potential consequences of system failures grow more severe.

The challenge, therefore, is not whether to build smart cities, but how to build them responsibly. This requires robust data protection regulations, transparent governance, and a commitment to ensuring that the benefits of smart technology are distributed equitably across all segments of society. Only then can smart cities fulfill their promise of creating more livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

According to the passage, what has Barcelona achieved with smart water management?
A) Reduced water consumption by 25 percent
B) Eliminated water pollution
C) Reduced energy costs by 50 percent
D) Increased water supply
What is the main concern of privacy advocates regarding smart cities?
A) The cost of implementing smart technology
B) The constant surveillance and data collection
C) The lack of technological innovation
D) The difficulty of maintaining infrastructure
What does the term “digital divide” refer to in this context?
A) The gap between different technologies
B) The inequality in access to smart city benefits between affluent and disadvantaged areas
C) The difference between urban and rural areas
D) The division between technology companies
What happened in 2017 according to the passage?
A) A new smart city was built
B) A ransomware attack disrupted city systems
C) Barcelona implemented smart water systems
D) Singapore launched its sensor network
What is the author’s overall attitude toward smart cities?
A) Completely supportive
B) Entirely critical
C) Cautiously optimistic with conditions
D) Indifferent

参考答案：1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C

Passage 3: The Last Wilderness（自然公园生态）¶

In an age when human activity has transformed nearly every corner of the planet, true wilderness has become an increasingly rare commodity. Sarek National Park, sprawling across nearly 2,000 square kilometers of northern Sweden, stands as one of Europe’s last great wilderness areas — a place where nature reigns supreme and human interference is kept to an absolute minimum.

Established in 1909, Sarek was one of the first national parks in Europe, born from a growing recognition that some landscapes should be preserved in their natural state for future generations. The park encompasses a dramatic terrain of towering peaks, deep valleys, and more than 100 glaciers. No roads lead into its interior; visitors must hike for days through challenging terrain to experience its raw beauty.

The park is also the traditional homeland of the Sami people, indigenous reindeer herders who have inhabited the region for thousands of years. The Sami’s relationship with the land is one of profound respect and deep ecological knowledge. Their reindeer migrate across vast distances, following ancient routes that predate the establishment of the park’s boundaries. This coexistence between traditional livelihoods and conservation is a model that other protected areas around the world seek to emulate.

Scientists value Sarek as a living laboratory. Free from significant human disturbance, the park’s ecosystems function much as they have for millennia, providing researchers with a baseline against which to measure environmental changes elsewhere. Studies conducted in Sarek have contributed to our understanding of climate change, glacial retreat, and biodiversity loss.

However, even this remote wilderness is not immune to global threats. Rising temperatures have accelerated glacial melting at an alarming rate, while pollution from industrial regions finds its way into the park’s pristine lakes. These challenges underscore a sobering reality: no place on Earth, however remote, is entirely insulated from human impact.

Visiting Sarek is not for the faint-hearted. There are no visitor centers, no marked trails, and no mobile phone coverage. Those who venture into its interior must be self-sufficient and prepared for rapidly changing weather conditions. Yet for those willing to accept the challenge, the reward is an experience of nature in its purest form — a reminder of what the world looked like before human civilization reshaped it.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

When was Sarek National Park established?
A) In the 18th century
B) In 1909
C) In 1950
D) In 2000
How can visitors reach the interior of the park?
A) By car
B) By helicopter
C) By hiking for days
D) By train
Who are the indigenous people mentioned in the passage?
A) The Inuit
B) The Sami
C) The Maori
D) The Aborigines
Why do scientists value Sarek National Park?
A) It has many tourist attractions
B) It serves as a living laboratory with undisturbed ecosystems
C) It has abundant mineral resources
D) It is easy to access
What global threat is affecting Sarek?
A) Overpopulation
B) Deforestation
C) Rising temperatures and pollution
D) Urban development

参考答案：1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C

Passage 4: Speaking Without Words（跨文化交际/肢体语言）¶

When we think of communication, we instinctively think of words. Yet research suggests that up to 70 percent of human communication is non-verbal, transmitted through gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and even the physical distance we maintain from others. Understanding body language, therefore, is not merely an interesting curiosity — it is an essential skill for effective human interaction.

What makes body language particularly complex is that it is far from universal. While some expressions, such as smiling to convey happiness or frowning to show displeasure, appear to be biologically hardwired and recognized across all cultures, the majority of gestures are learned behaviors that vary dramatically from one society to another.

Consider, for example, the simple act of nodding. In most Western cultures, a nod indicates agreement or affirmation. In parts of Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria, however, a nod can actually signal disagreement, while shaking the head — the universal sign of “no” in many countries — can mean “yes.” Such differences can lead to bewildering misunderstandings in cross-cultural encounters.

Eye contact presents another fascinating area of variation. In Western cultures, particularly in business settings, maintaining steady eye contact is generally interpreted as a sign of confidence, honesty, and attentiveness. In many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, however, prolonged direct eye contact, especially with someone of higher status or of the opposite gender, can be considered disrespectful or aggressive. A Japanese person may look at the listener’s neck rather than directly into their eyes as a gesture of respect.

The concept of personal space — the invisible bubble of distance we maintain around ourselves — also varies considerably. People from Mediterranean and Latin American cultures tend to stand closer during conversations and may touch each other more frequently. Northern Europeans and North Americans, by contrast, generally prefer greater distances and may feel uncomfortable when someone stands too close.

Posture, too, communicates volumes. In many Asian cultures, bowing is a formal gesture of respect, with the depth and duration of the bow reflecting the relative status of the individuals involved. Sitting with crossed legs, which is perfectly acceptable in many Western settings, can be considered offensive in parts of the Middle East where showing the sole of one’s shoe is seen as an insult.

The implications for cross-cultural communication are profound. In an increasingly globalized world, where business negotiations, diplomatic relations, and personal interactions regularly cross cultural boundaries, the ability to interpret and adapt to different body language codes is more important than ever. Misreading a gesture can derail a business deal, offend a potential partner, or create embarrassing situations.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

According to the passage, what percentage of human communication is non-verbal?
A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) Up to 70 percent
D) 90 percent
In which cultures can nodding indicate disagreement?
A) Most Western cultures
B) Parts of Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria
C) All Asian cultures
D) All Middle Eastern cultures
How might a Japanese person show respect during a conversation?
A) By maintaining strong eye contact
B) By looking at the listener’s neck
C) By standing very close
D) By crossing their legs
What does the passage say about personal space?
A) It is the same in all cultures
B) Mediterranean and Latin American cultures prefer greater distances
C) Northern Europeans prefer greater distances
D) Personal space is not important in communication
What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Body language is identical across cultures
B) Words are more important than body language
C) Body language varies across cultures and understanding these differences is essential
D) Only business people need to understand body language

参考答案：1. C 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. C

Passage 5: Feeding the Future（农业科技与粮食安全）¶

By the year 2050, the global population is projected to reach nearly 10 billion. Feeding this many people will require a 70 percent increase in food production — a challenge made all the more daunting by climate change, water scarcity, and the degradation of arable land. The question of how to ensure food security for all has become one of the defining challenges of our time.

The story of Yuan Longping, the Chinese agronomist who developed hybrid rice, offers a powerful example of how scientific innovation can address food shortages. Yuan’s hybrid varieties produce yields 20 percent higher than conventional rice, and his technology has been adopted in dozens of countries across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is estimated that hybrid rice now feeds an additional 70 million people annually — a contribution that earned Yuan the title “father of hybrid rice” and numerous international accolades.

However, the challenges of the 21st century demand solutions beyond a single crop or technology. Modern agricultural science is exploring a wide range of approaches. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), while controversial, have shown promise in creating crops that are resistant to pests, diseases, and drought. Vertical farming — growing crops in stacked layers indoors — uses 95 percent less water than traditional agriculture and can produce food year-round regardless of external climate conditions.

Precision agriculture represents another frontier. Using drones, satellite imagery, and soil sensors, farmers can now apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides with pinpoint accuracy, reducing waste and environmental impact. In some advanced operations, autonomous robots handle planting, monitoring, and harvesting, minimizing labor costs and increasing efficiency.

Yet technology alone cannot solve the food crisis. Approximately one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted — enough to feed two billion people. In developing countries, most losses occur during production and storage due to inadequate infrastructure. In developed nations, consumers and retailers waste vast quantities of perfectly edible food. Addressing these inefficiencies requires policy changes, infrastructure investment, and shifts in consumer behavior.

Furthermore, the environmental cost of intensive agriculture cannot be ignored. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have degraded soils, polluted waterways, and contributed to biodiversity loss. The push for ever-higher yields has led to deforestation and habitat destruction. Sustainable farming practices — such as crop rotation, organic farming, and agroforestry — seek to balance productivity with environmental stewardship.

The question of how to feed 10 billion people sustainably has no single answer. It will require a combination of scientific innovation, policy reform, reduced waste, and a fundamental rethinking of how we produce, distribute, and consume food. As Yuan Longping’s legacy demonstrates, the dedication of even a single individual can make a difference — but solving this global challenge will require the collective effort of humanity.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

How much will food production need to increase by 2050?
A) 20 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 100 percent
What is the yield advantage of hybrid rice over conventional rice?
A) 10 percent higher
B) 20 percent higher
C) 50 percent higher
D) 100 percent higher
How much water does vertical farming use compared to traditional agriculture?
A) 50 percent less
B) 70 percent less
C) 95 percent less
D) The same amount
What percentage of food produced globally is lost or wasted?
A) One-tenth
B) One-quarter
C) One-third
D) One-half
What does the passage suggest as the solution to the food crisis?
A) Technology alone
B) A combination of innovation, policy reform, reduced waste, and rethinking food systems
C) Only organic farming
D) Only genetically modified crops

参考答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B

七、优秀范文与必会练习 ¶

（一）优秀范文 ¶

范文 1：人物介绍与成就感悟（议论文）¶

题目：某英文报正在举办以”The Person I Admire Most”为题的征文比赛。请你写一篇文章，介绍一位你最钦佩的人，并说明理由。

The Person I Admire Most

The person I admire most is Tu Youyou, the Chinese scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering artemisinin. What makes her truly inspiring is not merely her scientific achievement, but her unwavering dedication to humanity.\n\n Having committed herself to finding a cure for malaria, Tu reviewed hundreds of ancient medical texts and overcame numerous obstacles. What impressed me most was her courage — she even tested the medicine on herself to ensure its safety. Her discovery has saved millions of lives worldwide.\n\n Tu Youyou’s story teaches us that great achievements require not only intelligence but also perseverance and selflessness. She stands as a shining example of how one person’s devotion can make a profound difference to the world.

【高分句型】：What makes her truly inspiring is not merely...but...（主语从句+not merely…but…结构）；Having committed herself to...（-ing完成式作状语）；What impressed me most was...（主语从句）

【高级词汇】：unwavering dedication（坚定不移的奉献）、perseverance（毅力）、selflessness（无私）、profound difference（深远影响）

【过渡词】：not merely...but also...、having committed...（时间过渡）

范文 2：杰出人物感悟（议论文）¶

题目：你校英语俱乐部正在开展”Great People in History”主题讨论活动，请你就一位你认为伟大的科学家写一篇短文。

When we speak of great scientists, Yuan Longping immediately comes to mind. Widely known as the “father of hybrid rice,” he devoted his entire life to solving the problem of hunger that has plagued humanity for centuries.

Having spent decades conducting research in the fields, Yuan developed hybrid rice varieties that produce 20 percent higher yields than conventional types. Despite having achieved what many considered impossible, he remained remarkably humble, continuing to work in the fields well into his nineties. Not only did his research dramatically increase crop yields, but it also benefited millions of people across the globe.

What we can learn from Yuan Longping is that true greatness lies not in fame or wealth, but in the willingness to devote oneself to the well-being of others. His legacy will continue to inspire generations to come.

【高分句型】：Having spent decades conducting...（-ing完成式）；Despite having achieved...（despite+动名词完成式）；Not only did...but also...（倒装句）；What we can learn from...is that...（主语从句+表语从句）

范文 3：未来生活畅想（议论文）¶

题目：科技进步正在改变我们的生活方式。请以”How Technology Will Change Our Lives”为题写一篇短文。

How Technology Will Change Our Lives

With the rapid advancement of technology, our lives are about to undergo transformative changes in the coming decades. Smart homes, equipped with intelligent sensors, will automatically adjust temperature, lighting, and security systems to suit our preferences.

Furthermore, artificial intelligence is expected to play an increasingly critical role in fields ranging from healthcare to education. Self-driving cars will become the norm, reducing traffic accidents and freeing up our time. Nevertheless, these innovations also raise important questions about privacy and job security, as machines are predicted to replace many human workers.

In conclusion, while technology promises to bring unprecedented convenience, we must approach these changes with caution, ensuring that technological progress serves humanity rather than controlling it. Only by striking a balance between innovation and ethical responsibility can we truly benefit from the future.

【高分句型】：equipped with intelligent sensors（过去分词短语作定语）；is expected to play...（被动语态）；while technology promises...（让步状语从句）；Only by...can we...（Only+介词短语引起倒装）

【高级词汇】：transformative changes（变革性变化）、unprecedented（前所未有的）、ethical responsibility（道德责任）、strike a balance（取得平衡）

范文 4：未来生活畅想（书信/应用文）¶

题目：假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom来信询问你对未来生活的设想。请给他写一封回信。

Dear Tom,

I’m delighted to receive your letter asking about my vision of future life. Let me share my thoughts with you.

In my imagination, future homes will be fully integrated with smart technology. Lights will turn on automatically when we enter a room, and refrigerators will order groceries when supplies run low. Moreover, virtual reality technology will revolutionize education, allowing students to explore historical sites or conduct virtual experiments from their classrooms.

However, I also have concerns. Excessive reliance on technology may weaken our ability to interact face-to-face. Therefore, while embracing technological progress, we should also treasure genuine human connections.

I’d love to hear your thoughts too. Looking forward to your reply!

Yours sincerely,
Li Hua

【高分句型】：allowing students to explore...（-ing作伴随状语）；while embracing...（状语从句省略结构）；虚拟语气would/could表想象

范文 5：自然保护与公园体验（记叙文）¶

题目：你上周末参观了一个国家公园，请以”An Unforgettable Visit to a National Park”为题写一篇短文，描述你的经历和感悟。

An Unforgettable Visit to a National Park

Last weekend, I visited a nearby national park, an experience that left a lasting impression on me.

Wandering along the winding trails, I was greeted by breathtaking scenery at every turn. Towering trees formed a green canopy overhead, while crystal-clear streams murmured beside the path. The air was filled with the fragrance of wild flowers, and birds sang melodiously in the branches above.

What moved me most was witnessing a family of deer grazing peacefully in a meadow, undisturbed by human presence. Having observed them quietly for several minutes, I felt a profound connection with nature.

This visit made me realise how vital it is to protect these natural sanctuaries. Given that many species are facing extinction due to human activities, we must take action to preserve biodiversity for future generations. National parks are not merely tourist destinations — they are the last refuge of nature in an increasingly developed world.

【高分句型】：Wandering along...（-ing作时间状语）；What moved me most was...（主语从句）；Having observed them quietly...（-ing完成式）；Given that...（原因状语从句）

范文 6：跨文化交际体验（记叙文）¶

题目：你作为交换生在英国学习期间，因文化差异经历了一次尴尬事件。请以”A Lesson in Cross-Cultural Communication”为题写一篇短文。

A Lesson in Cross-Cultural Communication

During my time as an exchange student in Britain, I learned a valuable lesson about cross-cultural communication — one that came from an embarrassing experience.

At a dinner party, I noticed that my British host maintained direct eye contact while speaking, which made me uncomfortable. Being from a culture where prolonged eye contact can be considered impolite, I kept looking away. Later, I learned that in British culture, avoiding eye contact is often interpreted as a sign of dishonesty or lack of interest.

This incident taught me that body language, which varies significantly from culture to culture, plays a crucial role in communication. What is considered polite in one culture may be perceived as rude in another.

Since then, I have made every effort to learn about cultural differences in non-verbal communication. I firmly believe that only by understanding and respecting these differences can we break down the barriers between people of different backgrounds.

【高分句型】：Being from a culture where...（-ing作原因状语+where定语从句）；which varies significantly...（非限制性定语从句）；What is considered polite...（主语从句）；only by...can we...（倒装）

范文 7：农业与粮食安全（议论文）¶

题目：随着全球人口的增长，粮食安全成为重要议题。请以”Food Security: A Global Challenge”为题写一篇短文。

Food Security: A Global Challenge

With the global population projected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, food security has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of our time.

Despite the remarkable progress achieved by agricultural scientists like Yuan Longping, whose hybrid rice has fed millions, nearly 800 million people still suffer from hunger worldwide. The situation is further complicated by climate change, water scarcity, and the loss of arable land.

To address this crisis, a multi-faceted approach is essential. First, sustainable farming practices must be adopted to protect soil and water resources. Second, food waste — which accounts for one-third of global production — must be drastically reduced. Third, technological innovations such as vertical farming and precision agriculture should be promoted.

In conclusion, ensuring food security requires the combined efforts of governments, scientists, and individuals. As responsible global citizens, we should cherish every grain and work together to build a world where no one goes hungry.

【高分句型】：With the global population projected to reach...（with复合结构）；whose hybrid rice has fed...（非限制性定语从句）；account for（占……比例）

范文 8：杰出人物与品质（议论文）¶

题目：学校开展”What Makes a Person Great”主题征文活动，请写一篇文章表达你的观点。

What Makes a Person Great

What distinguishes a truly great person from an ordinary one? In my view, it is not talent or intelligence alone, but a combination of perseverance, compassion, and the courage to pursue one’s dreams despite overwhelming odds.

Consider Tu Youyou, who spent decades searching for a malaria cure. Her success was not the result of luck but of unwavering commitment. Having reviewed thousands of ancient texts and endured countless failures, she eventually discovered artemisinin. Similarly, Yuan Longping devoted his entire life to agricultural research, working in the fields even in his nineties. These individuals share a common trait: they placed the well-being of others above personal gain.

Furthermore, great people are often driven by a sense of purpose larger than themselves. They do not seek fame; instead, they are motivated by a genuine desire to make the world a better place.

In conclusion, greatness is not measured by wealth or status, but by the positive impact one has on humanity. It is defined by dedication, selflessness, and the courage to persist when others would give up.

【高分句型】：What distinguishes...is not...but...（主语从句+not…but…）；who spent decades...（定语从句）；Having reviewed...and endured...（-ing完成式并列）；driven by（过去分词作状语）

范文 9：科技与隐私（应用文/发言稿）¶

题目：学校英语角将要举办以”Smart Technology: Friend or Foe?”为主题的讨论活动，请你写一篇发言稿。

Good afternoon, everyone. Today I’d like to share my views on smart technology — whether it is our friend or our foe.

There is no denying that smart technology has brought tremendous benefits. Smart homes equipped with sensors can detect gas leaks and prevent accidents. Smartphones keep us connected with the world instantly. These innovations have undeniably made our lives more convenient and efficient.

Nevertheless, we must not overlook the risks. As smart devices constantly collect our personal data, our privacy is increasingly compromised. Furthermore, excessive dependence on technology may erode our ability to think independently and interact socially.

In my opinion, smart technology is neither purely a friend nor a foe. It is a tool whose value depends entirely on how we use it. We should embrace its benefits while remaining vigilant about its risks. Thank you.

【高分句型】：There is no denying that...（固定句式）；equipped with sensors（过去分词作定语）；As smart devices constantly collect...（as引导原因状语从句）；whose value depends...（定语从句）

范文 10：保护自然环境（议论文）¶

题目：请以”Why We Must Protect National Parks”为题写一篇短文。

Why We Must Protect National Parks

National parks are among our planet’s most precious treasures, serving as sanctuaries for wildlife and refuges for nature lovers. Yet their significance extends far beyond tourism.

First and foremost, national parks protect biodiversity. Having been preserved from human development, these areas provide habitats for countless species, many of which are endangered. Without such protection, numerous plants and animals would face certain extinction.

Moreover, national parks serve as living laboratories where scientists study ecosystems in their natural state. Research conducted in these parks has contributed enormously to our understanding of climate change, conservation biology, and environmental sustainability.

Additionally, national parks offer immeasurable spiritual and recreational value. In an increasingly urbanised world, they provide people with the rare opportunity to reconnect with nature, which is essential for our physical and mental well-being.

In conclusion, protecting national parks is not merely an environmental imperative but a moral obligation. We owe it to future generations to ensure that these natural wonders endure for centuries to come.

【高分句型】：serving as sanctuaries...（-ing作伴随状语）；Having been preserved...（-ing完成被动式）；many of which are endangered（非限制性定语从句）；which is essential...（非限制性定语从句）

（二）必会练习 ¶

Unit 1 练习 ¶

I. 单项选择

Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, ______ made her a household name worldwide.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
It was through years of painstaking research ______ Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin.
A. when B. that C. which D. in which
Not only ______ hundreds of traditional recipes, but she also tested them on herself.
A. she reviewed B. did she review C. she did review D. reviewed she
______ herself to finding a cure, Tu Youyou worked day and night.
A. Committing B. Committed C. Having committed D. Being committed
The discovery of artemisinin has saved millions of lives, ______ is widely acknowledged.
A. that B. which C. what D. as

II. 语法填空

Tu Youyou, 1.__ was born in 1930 in Ningbo, is one of China’s most 2._ (remark) scientists. 3. (commit) herself to finding a cure for malaria, she reviewed hundreds of ancient medical texts. After 4. (conduct) numerous experiments, she eventually discovered artemisinin, a substance 5. has saved millions of lives. In 2015, she 6. (award) the Nobel Prize, 7. made her the first Chinese woman 8. (receive) a Nobel Prize in science. It is widely 9. (acknowledge) that her achievement represents a perfect 10.___ (combine) of traditional wisdom and modern science.

III. 句子翻译

屠呦呦发现青蒿素这一事实被全世界广泛认可。（It is widely acknowledged that…）
正是凭借坚定的承诺和多年的艰苦研究，她才取得了成功。（It was…that…强调句）

参考答案：
I. 1–5: BBBCA
II. 1. who 2. remarkable 3. Having committed 4. conducting 5. that/which 6. was awarded 7. which 8. to receive 9. acknowledged 10. combination
III. 1. It is widely acknowledged that Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin. 2. It was through unwavering commitment and years of painstaking research that she achieved success.

Unit 2 练习 ¶

I. 单项选择

Look at those dark clouds! It ______ rain.
A. will B. is going to C. is to D. is about to
The Prime Minister ______ visit China next month, according to the official announcement.
A. will B. is going to C. is to D. is about to
I was about to leave ______ the phone rang.
A. when B. while C. as D. then
This time tomorrow, I ______ on a beach in Hawaii.
A. will lie B. will be lying C. lie D. am lying
By the end of this decade, scientists ______ a cure for the disease.
A. will discover B. will be discovering C. will have discovered D. discover

II. 用所给词的正确形式填空

Smart homes will be ______ (equip) with intelligent sensors that can detect gas leaks.
Your home will learn your daily routine, automatically ______ (adjust) the temperature.
Not only ______ smart homes make life more convenient, but they will also improve security. (用正确语序)
Despite the ______ (oppose), the adoption of smart technology is growing rapidly.
We are about ______ (enter) an era where AI will play a critical role.

III. 句子翻译

我们即将进入一个人工智能将在各方面发挥关键作用的时代。（be about to）
尽管有人反对，智能技术的应用仍在快速增长。（despite the opposition）

参考答案：
I. 1–5: BCABC
II. 1. equipped 2. adjusting 3. will 4. opposition 5. to enter
III. 1. We are about to enter an era where artificial intelligence will play a critical role in every aspect. 2. Despite the opposition, the adoption of smart technology is growing rapidly.

Unit 3 练习 ¶

I. 单项选择

______ from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. Having seen
______ over a vast area, the park offers visitors breathtaking scenery.
A. Stretching B. Stretched C. Having stretched D. To stretch
______ been designated as a national park in 1909, Sarek is one of Europe’s oldest parks.
A. Having B. Having been C. Being D. To have been
The heavy rain lasted for three days, ______ severe flooding.
A. caused B. causing C. to cause D. having caused
______ not knowing the local language, she managed to communicate through gestures.
A. Although B. Despite C. In spite D. Though

II. 语法填空

Sarek National Park, 1.__ (locate) in northern Sweden, is one of Europe’s last true 2._ (wild) areas. 3. (establish) in 1909, it was among the first national parks in Europe. 4. (stretch) over nearly 2,000 square kilometers, the park features towering peaks and over 100 glaciers. No roads lead into the park, 5. (mean) that visitors must hike for days. The Sami people, 6. have inhabited the region for centuries, maintain their traditional reindeer herding. 7. (wander) through the park, one cannot help but marvel at the magnificent scenery. It is this combination of pristine nature and cultural heritage 8. makes Sarek truly unique. 9. (protect) for future generations, the park prohibits any form of development, 10.___ (ensure) that the wilderness remains untouched.

III. 句子翻译

位于瑞典北部的萨勒克国家公园是欧洲最后的真正荒野之一。（过去分词作定语）
漫步于公园中，人们不禁惊叹于壮丽的景色。（动词-ing形式作状语）

参考答案：
I. 1–5: BABBA
II. 1. located 2. wilderness 3. Established 4. Stretching 5. meaning 6. who 7. Wandering 8. that 9. To protect/To be protected 10. ensuring
III. 1. Sarek National Park, located in northern Sweden, is one of Europe’s last true wilderness areas. 2. Wandering through the park, one cannot help but marvel at the magnificent scenery.

Unit 4 练习 ¶

I. 单项选择

______ with verbal communication, non-verbal signals are often more reliable.
A. Comparing B. Compared C. Having compared D. To compare
The distance people maintain when ______ with others varies across cultures.
A. interact B. interacting C. interacted D. to interact
______ about body language for years, researchers have identified both universal and culture-specific gestures.
A. Having studied B. Studied C. Having been studied D. Being studied
Only by understanding these differences ______ break down cultural barriers.
A. we can B. can we C. we could D. could we
The boy had his bike ______ yesterday.
A. steal B. stealing C. stolen D. to steal

II. 七选五阅读

Body language is a powerful form of communication that transcends spoken words. 1______ In fact, some experts believe that non-verbal signals carry more weight than what we actually say.

2______ In many Western cultures, maintaining eye contact shows confidence and honesty. However, in some Asian cultures, prolonged eye contact can be considered disrespectful.

Similarly, the gesture of nodding does not mean the same thing everywhere. 3______ This can lead to confusion in cross-cultural encounters.

Personal space is another aspect that varies. 4______ In contrast, people from Northern Europe tend to keep more distance.

5______ By learning about these differences, we can communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings in our increasingly globalized world.

A. People from Mediterranean cultures tend to stand closer during conversations.
B. Eye contact is one such aspect that differs greatly.
C. Understanding these cultural variations is essential for effective communication.
D. While it means “yes” in most cultures, it can mean “no” in parts of Greece and Bulgaria.
E. Research suggests that up to 70 percent of communication is non-verbal.
F. Body language is the same across all cultures.
G. Gestures are unimportant in business settings.

III. 句子翻译

与言语交际相比，非语言信号往往更可靠。（Compared with…）
只有理解这些差异，我们才能打破文化障碍。（Only by…can we…）

参考答案：
I. 1–5: BBABC
II. 1–5: EBDAC
III. 1. Compared with verbal communication, non-verbal signals are often more reliable. 2. Only by understanding these differences can we break down cultural barriers.

Unit 5 练习 ¶

I. 单项选择

Yuan Longping, ______ as the “father of hybrid rice,” devoted his life to agriculture.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. having known
______ decades to agricultural research, Yuan developed the first hybrid rice varieties.
A. Devoting B. Devoted C. Having devoted D. Being devoted
The bridge ______ in the 18th century.
A. is said to build B. is said to have been built
C. is said to be built D. says to have built
Not only ______ crop yields, but it also contributed to food security.
A. his research increased B. did his research increase
C. his research did increase D. increased his research
The car needs ______.
A. wash B. to wash C. washing D. washed

II. 完形填空

Yuan Longping is one of the most 1__ scientists in modern agriculture. 2_ his entire life to developing hybrid rice, he achieved what many considered 3. His hybrid varieties produce 20 percent higher 4 than conventional types, 5___ millions of people across the globe.

Despite 6__ remarkable success, Yuan remained a humble farmer at heart. 7_ into his nineties, he continued to work in the fields, driven by a simple belief: that no one should go 8___.

His hybrid rice has been 9__ in dozens of countries, and his 10_ to global food security is immeasurable. Yuan’s story reminds us that true greatness lies in 11___ to the well-being of others.

Given that the global population 12__ to reach 10 billion by 2050, the importance of agricultural innovation 13_ be overstated. Yuan’s legacy will continue to 14 future generations to 15___ the challenges of food security.

A. remarkable B. common C. ordinary D. unknown
A. Devote B. Devoting C. Devoted D. Having devoted
A. possible B. impossible C. easy D. difficult
A. yields B. outputs C. harvests D. crops
A. feed B. feeding C. fed D. to feed
A. achieve B. achieving C. achieved D. having achieved
A. Good B. Well C. Deep D. Far
A. hungry B. thirst C. tired D. poor
A. plant B. planting C. planted D. to plant
A. contribution B. attribute C. distribution D. tribute
A. devote B. devoting C. devoted D. devotion
A. project B. projects C. is projected D. projecting
A. can B. cannot C. must D. should
A. inspire B. inspire C. inspiring D. inspired
A. face B. facing C. faced D. be faced

III. 书面表达

请以”The Importance of Food Security”为题写一篇120-150词的短文，涵盖以下要点：
1. 粮食安全的重要性
2. 当前面临的挑战
3. 我们应采取的行动

参考答案：
I. 1–5: BCBBC
II. 1–5: ADBAB 6–10: DBACA 11–15: DCBAA
III. （参考范文见范文7）

综合练习：语法填空 ¶

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Tu Youyou, 1.__ was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2015, is one of the most influential scientists of our time. 2._ (commit) herself to finding a cure for malaria, she reviewed hundreds of ancient medical texts. After 3. (conduct) numerous experiments, she discovered artemisinin, a substance 4.___ has saved millions of lives.

Her discovery, 5.__ is widely regarded as a breakthrough in medical science, represents a perfect 6._ (combine) of traditional wisdom and modern scientific methods. 7. (inspire) by her story, many young people 8.___ (choose) to pursue careers in science.

Yuan Longping, 9.__ (know) as the “father of hybrid rice,” similarly devoted his life to 10._ (solve) the problem of hunger. 11. (develop) hybrid rice, he dramatically increased crop yields, 12.___ (benefit) millions of people worldwide.

Both scientists serve as 13.__ (power) reminders that great achievements require not only intelligence but also perseverance and 14._ (devote). Their legacies will continue 15.___ (inspire) future generations.

参考答案：
1. who 2. Having committed 3. conducting 4. that/which 5. which 6. combination 7. Inspired 8. have chosen 9. known 10. solving 11. Having developed 12. benefiting 13. powerful 14. devotion 15. to inspire

附录：本册高考核心语法速查表 ¶

语法点	核心公式	高考提示
非限制性定语从句	`..., which/who/whose/where/when ...`	`that`不可用；`which`可指代整句
将来时态	`will do` / `be going to do` / `be to do` / `be about to do` / `be doing`	区分各形式用法
-ing形式作状语	`动词-ing..., 主句` / `主句, 动词-ing...`	逻辑主语=主句主语；完成式`having done`
过去分词作状语	`过去分词..., 主句`	表被动/完成；与-ing对比
过去分词作宾补	`have/get sth. done`	sth.与done为被动关系
被动语态	`be + 过去分词`	注意时态变化和短语动词介词不省
主动表被动	`sell well` / `need doing` / `be worth doing`	高考易错点

编后语：本手册基于人教版新课标（2019版）选择性必修第一册（Book 4）编写，涵盖5个单元的全部核心内容。高二下学期是高考前系统学习的最后阶段，建议同学们在掌握课本知识的基础上，重点突破非谓语动词和非限制性定语从句两大语法板块，同时加强阅读和写作训练。本手册可作为课堂学习的补充和课后复习的参考，祝同学们学业进步！

本手册依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》编写，适用于人教版新课标高中英语选择性必修第一册（Book 4）。

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