20260727 090613 高中英语 高三下册学习手册高考冲刺总复习

20260727_090613_高中英语_高三下册学习手册高考冲刺总复习.md
发布日期：2026年07月27日
文件：20260727_090613_高中英语_高三下册学习手册高考冲刺总复习.md
最后修改：2026-07-27 09:06:13

高中英语 · 高三下册学习手册（高考冲刺总复习）

依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》编写，紧扣新高考英语全国卷考查要求，适用于高三下学期二轮、三轮总复习。

一、考纲要求与高考备考策略

1.1 英语学科核心素养五级目标

《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》明确指出，英语学科核心素养由语言能力、文化意识、思维品质、学习能力四大维度构成，高中阶段以五级目标为标尺，具体要求如下：

核心素养维度 五级目标核心要求
语言能力 能在熟悉的情境中，围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然等主题，运用所学语言知识和语言技能，比较准确地理解和表达意义；能以口头和书面形式陈述事件、传递信息、阐述观点
文化意识 能理解中外文化异同，能鉴赏优秀文化，能在跨文化交际中得体地运用英语；能形成正确的文化价值观
思维品质 能辨析语言和文化中的具体现象，能梳理、概括信息，能逻辑地论证观点，能进行批判性思考
学习能力 能树立正确的英语学习观，能选择恰当的策略与方法，能监控、调整自己的英语学习，能自主学习与合作学习

高考英语命题即以这四大核心素养为统领，在情境化、综合性、应用性、创新性的试题中检测学生综合能力。考生在复习时不可只死记知识点，须在真实语境中习得并灵活迁移。

1.2 新高考英语试卷结构分析

现行新高考英语全国卷（以新高考Ⅰ卷为参考）采用”6+1”结构，总分150分，考试时间120分钟。具体如下：

第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
  • 第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）：5段简短对话，每段对话后设1个小题，仅读一遍。
  • 第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）：5段较长对话或独白，共15个小题，读两遍。
  • 听力覆盖数字计算、地点方向、人物关系身份、主旨意图、推理判断、观点态度等题型。
第二部分：阅读（共两节，满分50分）
  • 第一节（共15小题，每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）：阅读3篇短文 + 1篇应用/说明文，每篇设3-5个小题，考查细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测、观点态度等。
  • 第二节 七选五（共5小题，每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）：1篇短文，设5个空白，从7个选项中选出最佳答案，考查语篇衔接与连贯。
第三部分：语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
  • 第一节 完形填空（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）：1篇250词左右短文，挖空15处，每空4个选项，考查词义辨析、固定搭配、语境推理、逻辑关系。
  • 第二节 语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）：1篇180-200词短文，设10空，有提示词与无提示词各占一半左右，考查词形变化、词性转换、语法结构、连词介词冠词等。
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分40分）
  • 第一节 应用文写作（满分15分）：约80词，常见书信、通知、发言稿、报道等，要求内容完整、语言得体、结构清晰。
  • 第二节 读后续写（满分25分）：提供一篇约350词记叙文开头，要求考生续写两段，共约150词，考查情节设计、人物描写（情感/动作/环境）、语言连贯与主题升华。

1.3 高三下学期三轮复习时间规划与策略

高三下学期约从2月至6月初，共约4个月（16-18周）。建议按下列节奏推进三轮复习：

二轮复习（约7-8周，2月—3月下旬）——专题突破

二轮复习的核心是专题化、模块化、体系化，将零散知识整合成专题，强化综合运用。

周次 专题内容 重点任务
第1-2周 词汇与语法专题（一） 高频话题词汇分类梳理；时态语态、非谓语动词专题突破
第3-4周 语法专题（二）+ 阅读专题 三大从句、虚拟语气、特殊句式；阅读理解五大题型解题方法
第5-6周 完形填空 + 七选五专题 完形语境推理、词义辨析；七选五逻辑衔接技巧
第7-8周 写作专题 + 语言运用专项 应用文模板与高分句型；读后续写”十步法”；语法填空专项

二轮复习策略要点：
1. 每日保持30分钟词汇积累，按话题分类记忆，结合例句而非孤立背单词。
2. 限时训练：阅读理解每篇8-10分钟，完形15分钟，七选五10分钟，应用文15分钟，读后续写30分钟。
3. 错题归因：建立错题本，按题型归类，标注错误原因（知识盲区/审题失误/逻辑偏差/粗心）。
4. 每周至少完成1套完整套卷，培养整体做题节奏与时间分配。

三轮复习（约4-5周，3月下旬—4月底）——综合模拟

三轮复习核心是套卷模拟、查漏补缺、提升应试能力。

  1. 每周2-3套完整模拟卷，严格按高考时间（120分钟）限时完成。
  2. 每套卷做完后立即精批精析：不只对答案，更要分析每题考点、干扰项设置、自身思维盲点。
  3. 针对性回看二轮专题薄弱点，进行”小专题”再突破（如：推理判断题常错→集中练20篇推理题）。
  4. 强化写作输出：每周至少写2篇应用文 + 1篇读后续写，请教师批改或对照范文自评。
冲刺阶段（约2-3周，5月—高考前）——保温调整
  1. 回归基础：翻阅词汇手册、语法笔记、错题本，巩固核心知识，不钻偏难怪题。
  2. 保持手感：每2天做1套难度适中的模拟卷，保持做题节奏，不追求难题怪题。
  3. 写作储备：再过一遍应用文模板和高分句型，准备3-5个可迁移的读后续写素材（如亲情、坚持、勇气、成长、自然等主题的情节与描写）。
  4. 心态调整：保证充足睡眠，规律作息，以平稳自信的心态迎接高考。

1.4 各题型备考要点

听力备考要点
  • 日常训练：每天15-20分钟，听历年真题与高质量模拟题，先做后看原文，对照找出失听点。
  • 数字时间题：听前预判题型，注意”-teen”与”-ty”发音区别、价格折扣、时间推算。
  • 地点方向题：抓关键词（hospital: fever/appointment；restaurant: menu/bill）。
  • 人物关系题：注意称呼、语气、话题判断（Boss-employee: deadline/report）。
  • 主旨意图题：关注开头结尾、反复出现的主题词。
阅读理解备考要点
  • 先题后文：先读题干（不读选项），带着问题读文章，提高针对性。
  • 细节题：回原文定位，注意同义替换（paraphrase）是正确选项特征。
  • 推理判断题：基于文中信息合理推断，不主观臆测，”infer/indicate/suggest”题答案必在文中有所依据。
  • 主旨大意题：看首段、各段首句和尾段，警惕”以偏概全”“过于宽泛”的干扰项。
  • 词义猜测题：利用上下文、转折词（however）、并列词（and/or）、解释性信号词（that is, namely）推断。
  • 观点态度题：抓情感色彩词（positive: favorable, optimistic；negative: critical, skeptical；neutral: objective）。
完形填空备考要点
  • 首句必读：首句不挖空，是理解全文情境的钥匙。
  • 通读全文：先快速通读把握大意与基调，再逐题作答。
  • 瞻前顾后：答案常在下文出现线索，如重复词、反义词、同义复现。
  • 先易后难：有把握的先填，建立”已知信息链”，再攻难题。
  • 复检全文：填完后通读，检查语义通顺、逻辑连贯、语法正确。
七选五备考要点
  • 抓空白处前后句：答案须与前句和后句逻辑衔接。
  • 关键词复现：选项中关键词与文中关键词呼应。
  • 代词指代：选项中的代词（it/they/this）须能在上下文中找到指代对象。
  • 逻辑关系：注意并列、转折、递进、解释、举例等信号词。
  • 段首常为主题句：段尾常为总结句或过渡句。
写作备考要点
  • 应用文：审题定基调（正式/非正式）、定要点、定人称时态；使用模板框架确保结构完整；植入3-5个高级句型和过渡词。
  • 读后续写：通读原文确定主题与人物关系；设计两段情节保证逻辑递进与主题升华；运用动作链、情感变化、环境烘托；注意与原文语言风格一致；结尾点题升华。

二、高考核心词汇总复习

高考要求词汇量约3500词，掌握派生词、合成词后约4500-5000词。本板块按新课标三大主题语境分类整理核心高频词汇，每词含音标、词性、释义，重点词附例句。

2.1 话题一：人与自我（个人成长/学习/生活/健康）

序号 单词 音标 词性 释义/例句
1 abandon /əˈbændən/ vt. 放弃，抛弃 ★高考核心。例：He abandoned his plan.
2 achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ vt. 实现，达成。例：achieve one’s goal
3 achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ n. 成就，成绩 ★高考高频
4 ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/ n. 雄心，抱负。例：fulfill one’s ambition
5 attempt /əˈtempt/ n./vt. 尝试，企图。例：make an attempt to do
6 behavior /bɪˈheɪvjə(r)/ n. 行为，举止 ★高考高频
7 belief /bɪˈliːf/ n. 信念，信仰。例：hold a firm belief that…
8 challenge /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ n./vt. 挑战 ★高考高频。例：face the challenge bravely
9 character /ˈkærəktə(r)/ n. 性格，品质；角色；字符
10 confident /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ adj. 自信的。例：be confident about/of
11 courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ n. 勇气。例：have the courage to do
12 determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ v. 决定，决心 ★高考核心。例：be determined to do
13 diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ adj. 勤奋的。例：be diligent in one’s studies
14 discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ n./vt. 纪律；纪律约束
15 effort /ˈefət/ n. 努力。例：make every effort to do; spare no effort
16 encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ vt. 鼓励 ★高考高频。例：encourage sb to do
17 energy /ˈenədʒi/ n. 精力，能量。例：devote one’s energy to
18 enthusiasm /ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm/ n. 热情。例：with enthusiasm
19 experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ n./vt. 经验；经历；体验 ★高考高频
20 failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/ n. 失败。例：Failure is the mother of success.
21 fitness /ˈfɪtnəs/ n. 健康，健壮 ★高考高频
22 goal /ɡəʊl/ n. 目标；球门。例：achieve one’s goal
23 habit /ˈhæbɪt/ n. 习惯。例：form/develop a good habit
24 independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ adj. 独立的。例：be independent of
25 inspire /ɪnˈspaɪə(r)/ vt. 鼓舞，激励 ★高考高频。例：inspire sb to do
26 intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ adj. 聪明的
27 lazy /ˈleɪzi/ adj. 懒惰的
28 lifestyle /ˈlaɪfstaɪl/ n. 生活方式 ★高考高频
29 motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/ vt. 激发，激励。例：motivate sb to do
30 overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ vt. 克服 ★高考核心。例：overcome difficulties
31 patient /ˈpeɪʃnt/ adj./n. 耐心的；病人。例：be patient with
32 persevere /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪə(r)/ vi. 坚持不懈 ★高考高频
33 personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/ n. 个性，人格
34 potential /pəˈtenʃl/ n./adj. 潜力；潜在的 ★高考高频。例：realize one’s potential
35 pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/ n. 压力。例：under pressure
36 reflect /rɪˈflekt/ v. 反思，反射 ★高考核心。例：reflect on one’s past
37 rely /rɪˈlaɪ/ vi. 依赖。例：rely on/upon sb to do
38 responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/ n. 责任 ★高考高频。例：take responsibility for
39 schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/ n./v. 时间表，安排。例：stick to a schedule
40 self-discipline /ˌselfˈdɪsəplɪn/ n. 自律 ★高考高频
41 stress /stres/ n./vt. 压力；强调。例：stress the importance of
42 succeed /səkˈsiːd/ vi. 成功。例：succeed in doing
43 talent /ˈtælənt/ n. 天赋。例：have a talent for
44 target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ n. 目标，靶子
45 tough /tʌf/ adj. 困难的；坚韧的 ★高考高频
46 virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ n. 美德。例：Patience is a virtue.
47 willpower /ˈwɪlpaʊə(r)/ n. 意志力
48 wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/ n. 智慧。例：gain wisdom from experience
49 workout /ˈwɜːkaʊt/ n. 锻炼 ★高考高频
50 anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/ n. 焦虑。例：suffer from anxiety

2.2 话题二：人与社会（文化/科技/教育/社会现象）

序号 单词 音标 词性 释义/例句
1 abroad /əˈbrɔːd/ adv. 到国外。例：study abroad
2 adapt /əˈdæpt/ v. 适应；改编 ★高考核心。例：adapt to the new environment
3 advance /ədˈvɑːns/ n./v. 进步，前进。例：in advance; advance technology
4 artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/ adj. 人工的。例：artificial intelligence (AI) ★★★高考热点
5 benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ n./v. 益处；受益 ★高考高频。例：benefit from; be of benefit to
6 celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ v. 庆祝。例：celebrate the festival
7 civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 文明 ★高考高频
8 communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ v. 交流。例：communicate with
9 community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 社区 ★高考高频。例：serve the community
10 compare /kəmˈpeə(r)/ v. 比较。例：compared with/to; compare A with B
11 contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v. 贡献，促成 ★高考核心。例：contribute to (doing) sth
12 cooperation /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/ n. 合作。例：in cooperation with
13 culture /ˈkʌltʃə(r)/ n. 文化。例：cultural differences
14 custom /ˈkʌstəm/ n. 风俗，习俗。例：local customs
15 debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ n./v. 辩论 ★高考高频。例：debate on/over
16 decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年。例：over the past decade
17 develop /dɪˈveləp/ v. 发展，开发 ★高考高频。例：develop a good habit
18 digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/ adj. 数字的，数码的 ★★★高考热点。例：digital devices
19 discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ vt. 发现。例：discover a new species
20 diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ n. 多样性 ★高考高频。例：cultural diversity
21 donate /dəʊˈneɪt/ v. 捐赠。例：donate money to
22 economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ n. 经济。例：economic development
23 educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ v. 教育。例：be well educated
24 employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ vt. 雇佣；使用。例：be employed in doing
25 engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)/ n. 工程师
26 entrepreneur /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː(r)/ n. 企业家 ★高考高频
27 equality /ɪˈkwɒləti/ n. 平等。例：gender equality
28 equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ n. 设备（不可数）。例：a piece of equipment
29 explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ v. 探索 ★高考高频。例：explore the unknown
30 finance /ˈfaɪnæns/ n. 金融，财政
31 generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ n. 代，一代。例：generation gap
32 global /ˈɡləʊbl/ adj. 全球的 ★高考高频。例：global warming
33 graduate /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ v. /ˈɡrædʒuət/ n. v./n. 毕业；毕业生。例：graduate from
34 heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ n. 遗产 ★高考高频。例：cultural heritage
35 honor /ˈɒnə(r)/ n./vt. 荣誉；尊敬。例：in honor of
36 immigrate /ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/ vi. 移民。例：immigrate to a country
37 industry /ˈɪndəstri/ n. 工业，行业。例：the IT industry
38 influence /ˈɪnfluəns/ n./vt. 影响 ★高考高频。例：have a great influence on
39 innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ n. 创新 ★★★高考热点。例：technological innovation
40 invent /ɪnˈvent/ vt. 发明。例：invent a device
41 journalist /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/ n. 记者
42 majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/ n. 多数。例：the majority of
43 modern /ˈmɒdn/ adj. 现代的。例：modern technology
44 network /ˈnetwɜːk/ n. 网络 ★高考高频。例：social network
45 phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ n. 现象（pl. phenomena）★高考核心
46 profession /prəˈfeʃn/ n. 职业。例：professional skills
47 publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v. 出版，发表。例：publish a paper
48 qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ v. 使具备资格。例：be qualified for
49 society /səˈsaɪəti/ n. 社会。例：in modern society
50 tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/ n. 传统 ★高考高频。例：keep up the tradition

2.3 话题三：人与自然（环境/灾害/动物保护/太空）

序号 单词 音标 词性 释义/例句
1 absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ vt. 吸收。例：absorb sunlight/CO₂
2 atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ n. 大气层；气氛 ★高考高频
3 balance /ˈbæləns/ n./v. 平衡 ★高考核心。例：keep the balance of nature
4 carbon /ˈkɑːbən/ n. 碳。例：carbon emissions ★★★高考热点
5 climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. 气候 ★高考高频。例：climate change
6 conservation /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ n. 保护，节约 ★高考高频。例：wildlife conservation
7 creature /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ n. 生物，动物
8 damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ n./vt. 损害。例：do damage to; damage the environment
9 decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ n./v. 下降，衰退 ★高考高频。例：a decline in numbers
10 defend /dɪˈfend/ vt. 保卫。例：defend our homeland
11 destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ vt. 破坏 ★高考高频。例：destroy the habitat
12 disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə(r)/ n. 灾难 ★高考高频。例：natural disaster
13 drought /draʊt/ n. 干旱。例：suffer from drought
14 earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ n. 地震
15 ecology /iˈkɒlədʒi/ n. 生态 ★高考高频。例：ecological balance
16 eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ vt. 消除。例：eliminate poverty
17 endanger /ɪnˈdeɪndʒə(r)/ vt. 危及。例：endangered species ★高考核心
18 energy /ˈenədʒi/ n. 能源。例：renewable energy ★★★高考热点
19 environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ n. 环境 ★高考高频。例：protect the environment
20 erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ v. 喷发。例：the volcano erupted
21 evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ v. 进化 ★高考高频。例：evolve from
22 extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ adj. 灭绝的 ★高考高频。例：become extinct; extinct species
23 flood /flʌd/ n./v. 洪水，淹没。例：be flooded with
24 fossil /ˈfɒsl/ n. 化石。例：fossil fuels ★高考高频
25 generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ vt. 产生。例：generate electricity
26 habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ n. 栖息地 ★高考高频。例：destroy the habitat
27 harmony /ˈhɑːməni/ n. 和谐 ★高考核心。例：live in harmony with nature
28 melt /melt/ v. 融化。例：melting ice caps
29 ocean /ˈəʊʃn/ n. 海洋。例：ocean current
30 pollute /pəˈluːt/ vt. 污染。例：pollute the air/water
31 preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ vt. 保护，保存 ★高考高频。例：preserve cultural relics
32 protect /prəˈtekt/ vt. 保护。例：protect…from/against
33 recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ v. 回收利用 ★高考高频。例：recycle waste
34 reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ vt. 减少。例：reduce carbon emissions
35 release /rɪˈliːs/ vt. 释放。例：release harmful gases
36 renewable /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ adj. 可再生的 ★★★高考热点。例：renewable resources
37 rescue /ˈreskjuː/ n./vt. 营救 ★高考高频。例：rescue sb from
38 resource /rɪˈsɔːs/ n. 资源。例：natural resources
39 satellite /ˈsætəlaɪt/ n. 卫星 ★高考高频。例：launch a satellite
40 severe /sɪˈvɪə(r)/ adj. 严重的 ★高考高频。例：severe drought
41 species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. 物种（单复数同形）★高考核心。例：endangered species
42 storm /stɔːm/ n. 风暴。例：a severe storm
43 survive /səˈvaɪv/ v. 幸存 ★高考高频。例：survive the disaster; survive on
44 sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ adj. 可持续的 ★★★高考热点。例：sustainable development
45 threaten /ˈθretn/ vt. 威胁。例：threaten to do; be threatened with
46 universe /ˈjuːnɪvɜːs/ n. 宇宙。例：explore the universe
47 volcano /vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/ n. 火山。例：an active volcano
48 waste /weɪst/ n./vt. 废弃物；浪费。例：reduce waste
49 wildlife /ˈwaɪldlaɪf/ n. 野生动植物 ★高考高频。例：protect wildlife
50 zone /zəʊn/ n. 区域。例：a disaster zone

2.4 高考高频动词及搭配（150个核心动词）

动词是英语句子的核心，掌握动词搭配是高考完形、语法填空、写作的关键。以下是150个高考高频动词及其核心搭配，按字母顺序整理，★为高考核心考点。

A

  1. abandon★ sth / abandon oneself to (Doing) sth（沉溺于）
  2. absorb sth / be absorbed in（全神贯注于）★
  3. accept sth / accept sb as（接受某人为）
  4. achieve a goal / success / achieve nothing
  5. adapt (oneself) to sth / adapt sth for（改编）★
  6. adjust (oneself) to sth（适应）★
  7. admit doing / admit sb to/into（准许进入）★
  8. affect sth（影响）★ —— 注意区分 effect（名词）
  9. afford to do / afford sth（负担得起）★
  10. agree to a plan / agree with sb / agree on sth（就…达成一致）★
  11. allow sb to do / allow doing（允许）★
  12. announce sth to sb（向…宣布）
  13. answer for sth（对…负责）
  14. appeal to sb（吸引；呼吁）★
  15. appear to do / it appears that（似乎）
  16. apply for a job / apply sth to sth（把…应用于）★
  17. appreciate sth / appreciate doing（感激；欣赏）★
  18. approach sth（接近；方法）
  19. argue with sb about/over sth / argue for/against（主张支持/反对）★
  20. arise from sth（由…引起，arose, arisen）★ —— 区分 arouse（唤醒）

B

  1. bear doing / bear sb to do（忍受）★ —— bore, borne
  2. beat sb at sth（打败）—— beat, beaten
  3. become of sb（发生…情况）
  4. beg sb to do / beg for sth（恳求）
  5. begin to do/doing / to begin with（首先）
  6. believe in sb（信任）/ believe it or not
  7. belong to sb（属于，无被动，无进行时）★
  8. benefit from sth / benefit sb（使受益）★
  9. blame sb for sth / blame sth on sb（归咎于）★ —— be to blame（该受责备，主动表被动）
  10. bother to do / bother about sth（费心）

C

  1. call for（需要）/ call on sb to do（号召）/ call up（打电话；回忆）★
  2. cancel sth（取消）
  3. care for（照顾；喜欢）/ care about（在乎）
  4. carry out（执行）/ carry on（继续）★
  5. catch up with（赶上）/ catch sight of（瞥见）★
  6. cause sth / cause sb to do（导致）
  7. challenge sb to do（向…挑战）
  8. change into / change A for B（用A换B）
  9. charge sb for sth（收费）/ charge sb with（指控）/ in charge of★
  10. check in/out（办理登机/退房）/ check on（检查）
  11. clarify sth（澄清）
  12. classify sth into（把…分类）
  13. combine A with B（结合）★
  14. come about（发生）/ come across（偶遇）/ come up with（想出）★
  15. command sb to do（命令）
  16. commit oneself to doing（致力于）★
  17. compare A with B / compared to/with（与…相比）★
  18. complain to sb about sth（抱怨）
  19. concentrate on sth（集中注意力于）★
  20. conclude from sth that（推断出）

D

  1. deal with（处理）/ a great deal of（大量）★
  2. decide to do / decide on sth（决定选用）
  3. declare war on / declare sth（宣布）
  4. decline to do（婉拒）/ decline in（下降）★
  5. defend sb from/against（保护…免受）
  6. delay doing（推迟）★
  7. deliver sth to sb（递送）/ deliver a speech
  8. demand to do / demand that… (should) do（要求）★
  9. depend on/upon（取决于）★
  10. describe sth as（把…描述为）
  11. deserve to do / deserve sth（值得）
  12. desire to do / desire that（渴望）
  13. destroy sth（破坏）★
  14. determine to do / be determined to do（决心）★
  15. devote oneself to doing（致力于）★
  16. differ from（不同于）
  17. direct sb to do（指示）/ direct to（寄往）
  18. discourage sb from doing（阻止）★
  19. discover sth / discover sb doing（发现）
  20. discuss sth with sb（讨论）

E-F

  1. earn one’s living（谋生）/ earn money
  2. employ sb to do / be employed in doing（忙于）★
  3. encourage sb to do（鼓励）★
  4. endure doing（忍受）
  5. enjoy doing（享受）/ enjoy oneself
  6. ensure sth / ensure that（确保）
  7. escape from / escape doing（逃脱）★
  8. establish sth（建立）
  9. evaluate sth（评估）
  10. examine sth（检查）
  11. exist in/on（存在）/ exist on（靠…生存）
  12. expand into（扩展）
  13. expect sb to do / expect sth of sb（期望）★
  14. experience sth（体验）/ be experienced in
  15. explain sth to sb（向…解释）
  16. explore sth（探索）
  17. expose sb to sth（使暴露于）★
  18. face up to（勇敢面对）/ be faced with★
  19. fail to do（未能）/ fail in（失败）
  20. fancy doing（想象，想做）★
  21. feed on/ feed A to B（喂养）★
  22. feel like doing（想要）
  23. fight against/for/with（与…斗争/为…而战）★
  24. figure out（弄明白）★
  25. fill in/out（填写）/ fill with（充满）
  26. find out（查明）/ find sb doing（发现某人正在做）★
  27. finish doing（完成）
  28. fit in with（适应）/ fit sth on（试穿）
  29. focus on（集中）★
  30. follow one’s advice（听从建议）/ as follows（如下）

G-H

  1. gather sth / gather around（聚集）
  2. get along with（相处）/ get over（克服）/ get rid of（摆脱）/ get down to doing（开始做）★
  3. give away（泄露）/ give in（屈服）/ give up doing（放弃）★
  4. glance at（瞥见）/ glare at（怒视）★
  5. go through（经历）/ go over（复习）/ go ahead（前进，开始）★
  6. guarantee sth / guarantee to do（保证）
  7. hand in（上交）/ hand out（分发）/ hand over（移交）★
  8. happen to do / it happens that（碰巧）★
  9. hate doing/to do（讨厌）
  10. help (sb) (to) do / can’t help doing（忍不住）★ —— 区分 can’t help to do（不能帮助做）
  11. hesitate to do（犹豫）
  12. hide sth from sb（对…隐瞒）★
  13. highlight sth（强调）
  14. hire sb to do（雇佣）
  15. hit sb（打）—— hit, hit

I-K

  1. ignore sth（忽视）/ be ignorant of
  2. imagine doing（想象）★
  3. imply sth（暗示）
  4. improve sth / improve on/upon（改进）
  5. include sth / including（包括）
  6. increase by/to（增加了/增加到）★
  7. indicate sth（表明）
  8. influence sb to do / have an influence on（影响）★
  9. inform sb of sth（通知）★
  10. insist on doing / insist that… (should) do（坚持要求）★
  11. inspire sb to do（激励）★
  12. instruct sb to do（指示）
  13. intend to do / be intended for（为…而设计）★
  14. interview sb（面试）
  15. introduce A to B / introduce sth into（引入）★
  16. invest in sth（投资）
  17. invite sb to do/to sth（邀请）
  18. involve sb in doing（使参与）/ be involved in★
  19. join in（参加活动）/ join sb in doing（加入）
  20. judge by/from（根据…判断）/ judging from★

L-M

  1. lack sth / be lacking in（缺乏）★
  2. last for（持续）★
  3. lead to doing（导致）★ —— to为介词
  4. learn from / learn of（获悉）/ learn by heart（背诵）
  5. leave for（前往）/ leave sth to sb（留给）/ leave sb doing（让…一直做）★
  6. let down（失望）/ let alone（更不用说）★
  7. lie in（在于）/ lie to sb（撒谎）★ —— lay-lain; lied-lied
  8. limit sth to（把…限制在）★
  9. live on（以…为食/生）/ live up to（不辜负）★
  10. look into（调查）/ look forward to doing（期待）★
  11. maintain sth（维持，保养）
  12. manage to do（设法做到）★ —— 区分 try to do（尽力做，未必成功）
  13. mean to do（打算）/ mean doing（意味着）★
  14. mind doing（介意）★
  15. mistake A for B（把…误认为）★

2.5 高考易混词辨析（30组）

  1. affect vs effect：affect为动词”影响”（affect the result）；effect作名词”效果”（have an effect on），作动词意为”实现”（effect a change）。★高考核心
  2. advice vs advise：advice名词（不可数，a piece of advice）；advise动词（advise sb to do）。
  3. alone vs lonely：alone表客观”独自”（live alone）；lonely表主观”孤独”（feel lonely）。
  4. accept vs receive：accept主观”接受”；receive客观”收到”（receive a letter未必accept）。
  5. adapt vs adopt vs adept：adapt适应/改编；adopt收养/采纳；adept熟练的。★高考核心
  6. beside vs besides：beside”在…旁边”；besides”除了…还”（肯定）。
  7. bonus vs benefit：bonus奖金/额外好处；benefit利益/益处。
  8. cause vs reason：cause引起新果的”起因”；reason解释说明的”理由”。
  9. climate vs weather：climate气候（长期）；weather天气（短期）。
  10. compare vs contrast：compare比较（找相同）；contrast对比（找不同）。
  11. cost vs spend vs take vs pay：cost主语是物（cost sb money）；spend主语是人（spend money/time on/in doing）；take常用it句型（it takes sb time to do）；pay主语是人（pay for）。★高考核心
  12. create vs invent vs discover：create创造（前所未有）；invent发明（新事物/装置）；discover发现（已存在）。
  13. custom vs habit：custom社会习俗；habit个人习惯。
  14. dead vs deadly vs death vs die：dead形容词”死的”；deadly”致命的”；death名词；die动词（dying）。★高考高频
  15. desert vs dessert：desert沙漠/抛弃；dessert甜点。
  16. dispose vs discard：dispose处理（dispose of）；discard丢弃。
  17. economic vs economical：economic经济的（与经济有关）；economical节约的（精打细算）。★高考高频
  18. electric vs electrical：electric电的（产生电的，如electric shock）；electrical与电有关的（electrical engineering）。
  19. emigrate vs immigrate：emigrate移出（emigrate from）；immigrate移入（immigrate to）。
  20. especially vs specially：especially尤其（表程度）；specially专门地（表目的）。
  21. exist vs survive：exist存在；survive幸存（survive the disaster）。
  22. famous vs notorious：famous著名的（褒）；notorious臭名昭著的（贬）。
  23. fewer vs less：fewer修饰可数名词复数；less修饰不可数名词。★高考高频
  24. historic vs historical：historic有历史意义的（historic event）；historical历史的（与历史有关，historical novel）。
  25. imagine vs image vs imagination：imagine动词想象；image名词形象；imagination名词想象力。
  26. liable vs likely vs possible：liable易…的（liable to accidents）；likely可能的（be likely to do）；possible可能的（it is possible that）。★高考核心
  27. preserve vs conserve vs reserve：preserve保护使不变质（preserve cultural relics）；conserve节约使用（conserve energy）；reserve保留/预订（reserve a room）。★高考核心
  28. raise vs rise vs arise vs arouse：raise及物（raise a question/hand）；rise不及物（rise to one’s feet/sun rises）；arise不及物”产生”（problems arose）；arouse及物”唤醒”（arouse interest）。★★★高考核心
  29. sensitive vs sensible：sensitive敏感的（sensitive to pain）；sensible明智的（a sensible decision）。★高考高频
  30. worth vs worthy vs worthwhile：worth表语（worth $5 / worth doing）；worthy定语/表语（worthy of praise / worthy to be done）；worthwhile表语/定语（a worthwhile effort / it is worthwhile doing/to do）。★高考核心

三、高考核心语法总复习

3.1 时态语态总复习

英语共有16种时态，高考常考八大时态及被动语态。掌握时态的关键：抓住时间状语与语境”信号词”，判断动作发生时间与状态。

3.1.1 八大时态核心用法

1. 一般现在时
- 用法：表习惯性、客观真理、当前状态。
- 信号词：always, usually, often, every day, sometimes。
- 例：The earth revolves around the sun.（客观真理）
- 高考考点：在时间/条件状语从句中”主将从现”——主句将来时，从句用现在时表将来。★高考核心
- 例：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.

2. 一般过去时
- 用法：表过去某时间的动作或状态。
- 信号词：yesterday, last week, in 2010, ago, just now。
- 例：She visited the museum last Sunday.
- 高考考点：与现在完成时区分——一般过去时强调过去某时间点发生，与现在无关；现在完成时强调对现在的影响。★高考核心

3. 一般将来时
- 用法：表将来发生的动作。
- 形式：will/shall do；be going to do（计划/迹象）；be to do（安排/命令）；be about to do（即将，常接when）。
- 例：Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.（迹象）
- 例：I was about to leave when the phone rang.（★★高考高频句型）

4. 现在进行时
- 用法：表此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作；表反复发生的动作（与always连用，表抱怨或赞叹）。
- 例：He is always helping others.（赞叹）
- 高考考点：表位移的动词（come, go, arrive, leave, start, fly等）用进行时表将来。★高考高频
- 例：The train is leaving in five minutes.

5. 过去进行时
- 用法：表过去某时刻/某时段正在进行的动作；常作背景，与一般过去时配合。
- 句型：was/were doing… when… did…（正做…这时…）★高考核心
- 例：I was reading in the room when someone knocked at the door.

6. 现在完成时
- 用法：表过去发生并对现在有影响的动作；表从过去持续到现在的动作或状态。
- 信号词：already, yet, just, ever, never, recently, so far, up to now, since, for。
- 例：I have lived here for ten years.（动作持续）
- 高考考点：与since连用，主句用完成时，since从句用一般过去时。★高考高频
- 例：It has been three years since he left.

7. 现在完成进行时
- 用法：表从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，强调”一直在做”。
- 信号词：all morning, all day, recently。
- 例：She has been working on the project all morning.（强调动作持续）
- 与现在完成时区别：完成进行时强调动作的延续性和未完成性。

8. 过去完成时
- 用法：表”过去的过去”——在过去某时间或某动作之前已完成。
- 句型：had done… before/when… did…（在…之前已经…）★高考核心
- 例：By the time he arrived, the meeting had begun.
- 高考考点：hardly…when…, no sooner…than…句型中主句用过去完成时。★高考高频
- 例：Hardly had he sat down when the bell rang.

3.1.2 被动语态

基本结构：be + 过去分词（done）

时态 被动形式 例句
一般现在时 am/is/are done English is spoken in Canada.
一般过去时 was/were done The bridge was built in 1990.
一般将来时 will be done The task will be finished tomorrow.
现在进行时 am/is/are being done The house is being painted now.
过去进行时 was/were being done The car was being repaired then.
现在完成时 have/has been done The book has been translated into 10 languages.
过去完成时 had been done The work had been completed by 5 pm.
含情态动词 情态动词 + be done It must be done at once.

被动语态使用要点：
1. 不及物动词无被动：happen, occur, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, last, cost。★高考核心
2. 主动表被动：sell, wash, wear, read, cut, open等动词带状语时表被动意义。★高考高频
- 例：The book sells well. / The pen writes smoothly.
3. be to blame/be to let/bear doing：主动表被动。★高考核心
- 例：Nobody is to blame for the accident.
4. make oneself done：使…被…
- 例：He spoke loudly to make himself heard.

3.1.3 时态语态高考真题分析

真题1（2023新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空改编）

Currently, the yak bone bowls ___ (know) as “glaze bones” in the Tibetan area.

【分析】主语bowls与know为被动关系，且”currently”表当前状态，用一般现在时被动语态。答案：are known。

真题2（2022全国甲卷改编）

By the time he got home, his wife ___ (finish) cooking.

【分析】”got home”为过去时间点，”finish”在此之前已完成，属”过去的过去”，用过去完成时。答案：had finished。

真题3（2021新高考Ⅰ卷改编）

What ___ (happen) to him remains a mystery.

【分析】what引导主语从句，从句动作”发生”已完成并对现在有影响，用现在完成时。答案：has happened。

3.2 非谓语动词总复习

非谓语动词包括不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、分词（doing/done），在句中不可作谓语，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。★高考核心

3.2.1 三种形式基本对比
形式 主动 被动 含义
不定式一般式 to do to be done 表将来、目的、具体
不定式完成式 to have done to have been done 表已完成（先于谓语）
不定式进行式 to be doing — 表正在进行
动名词一般式 doing being done 表习惯、一般、主动
动名词完成式 having done having been done 表已完成（先于谓语）
现在分词一般式 doing being done 表主动、进行
现在分词完成式 having done having been done 表先于谓语完成
过去分词 — done 表被动、完成
3.2.2 作主语
  • 动名词作主语：表习惯性、一般性动作。
  • 例：Reading widely broadens your horizons.
  • 不定式作主语：表具体的、一次性的或将来动作。
  • 例：To master a foreign language requires patience.
  • 形式主语it：
  • It is no use/good doing（动名词）★高考高频
  • It is important/necessary for sb to do（不定式）
  • It takes sb time to do（不定式）
3.2.3 作宾语

只接动名词的动词（口诀：consider, avoid, escape, miss; mind, enjoy, practice, risk; suggest, finish, avoid…）★高考核心

常见：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, resist, risk, suggest, understand, give up, can’t help, feel like, be worth, be busy, look forward to, be/get used to, devote…to, object to, stick to, lead to, pay attention to, contribute to, refer to

只接不定式的动词（口诀：hope, wish, expect, want, promise; agree, decide, determine, offer, plan; refuse, fail, manage, pretend, tend; afford, choose, happen, hesitate, claim）★高考核心

既可接to do又可接doing且意义不同：★★★高考核心
| 动词 | + to do | + doing |
|—|—|—|
| remember | 记得要做（未做） | 记得做过（已做） |
| forget | 忘记要做 | 忘记做过 |
| regret | 遗憾要做（未做） | 后悔做过 |
| stop | 停下来去做 | 停止做 |
| try | 试图做（尽力） | 试着做看效果 |
| mean | 打算做 | 意味着 |
| go on | 继续做（不同的事） | 继续做（同一件事） |
| can’t help | 不能帮助做 | 忍不住做 |

3.2.4 作定语
  • 不定式作定语：表将来，常置于名词后。
  • 例：I have a lot of work to do. ★高考高频
  • 例：He is the first to arrive. ★高考核心（序数词/the only后接to do）
  • 动名词作定语：表用途。
  • 例：a sleeping car（卧铺车，用途）—— 区分 a sleeping baby（现在分词，正在睡觉的婴儿）★高考核心
  • 现在分词作定语：表主动进行。
  • 例：The girl standing by the window is my sister.
  • 过去分词作定语：表被动完成。
  • 例：The book written by him is popular. ★高考高频
3.2.5 作状语
  • 不定式作状语：表目的（最常见）、结果（出乎意料）、原因。
  • 目的：To pass the exam, he studied hard. ★高考核心
  • 结果（出乎意料）：He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. ★★★高考高频
  • 形容词后接不定式表原因：I’m glad to see you.
  • 现在分词作状语：表时间、原因、条件、让步、结果（自然而然）、伴随。
  • 时间：Hearing the news, she burst into tears. ★高考核心
  • 原因：Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
  • 伴随：He sat in the chair, reading a newspaper. ★高考高频
  • 过去分词作状语：表被动、完成。
  • Given more time, we could have done better. ★高考核心
  • Faced with difficulties, we shouldn’t give up.

注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子主语一致，否则用独立主格。★高考核心
- 例：Weather permitting, we’ll go camping.（weather与permit主动）
- 例：The job finished, we went home.（job与finish被动完成）

3.2.6 作补语
  • have sb do（让某人做）/ have sb doing（让某人一直做）/ have sth done（让某事被做）★★★高考核心
  • 例：I’ll have him repair the bike. / He had us laughing all afternoon. / I had my hair cut yesterday.
  • make sb do（被动：be made to do）★高考核心
  • let sb do / get sb to do / get sth done
  • see/watch/notice/hear sb do（看到全过程）/ doing（看到进行中）/ done（看到被动）★高考高频
  • leave sb doing（让…一直做）/ leave sth done（让…被做）
  • with + 宾语 + 补语：with + sth + to do/doing/done ★高考核心（详见3.10）
3.2.7 非谓语动词高考真题分析

真题1（2023新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空改编）

___ (raise) in a poor family, he learned to value every penny.

【分析】主语he与raise为被动关系，且动作先于谓语发生，用过去分词作状语。答案：Raised。

真题2（2022新高考Ⅰ卷改编）

The museum, ___ (found) in 1958, attracts millions of visitors every year.

【分析】主语museum与found（建立）为被动完成关系，用过去分词作定语。答案：founded。

真题3（2021全国乙卷改编）

He hurried home, only ___ (find) his house broken into.

【分析】”only to do”表出乎意料的结果。答案：to find。

3.3 定语从句总复习

定语从句由关系词引导，修饰名词或代词（先行词）。★高考核心

3.3.1 关系代词
关系代词 指代 作成分 例句
who 人 主/宾/表 The man who is talking is my teacher.
whom 人 宾 The girl whom I met is a singer.
whose 人/物 定语 The boy whose father is a doctor is my friend.
which 物 主/宾 The book which is on the table is mine.
that 人/物 主/宾 The man that you saw is my uncle.
as 人/物 主/宾 He is not such a man as I thought.

关系代词只能用that的情况（★★★高考核心，必考）：
1. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰：This is the best book that I have ever read.
2. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, all, every, no等修饰：This is the only book that I need.
3. 先行词是不定代词all, much, little, few, anything, nothing, everything等：All that can be done has been done.
4. 先行词既包括人也包括物：The man and his dog that are walking are familiar to me.
5. 主句以who/which开头，避免重复：Who is the man that is standing there?

关系代词只能用which的情况：★高考高频
1. 引导非限制性定语从句：He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.
2. 介词之后：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
3. 修饰整个主句：He failed again, which disappointed us all.

as与which引导非限制性定语从句比较：★高考核心
- as引导的非限制性从句可置于主句前/中/后，表”正如”，常接know, expect, report, announce等。
- As is known to all, China is a great country.
- which只能置于主句后，指代前面的内容。
- He failed, which is known to all.

3.3.2 关系副词
关系副词 指代 等同于 例句
when 时间 = at/on/in which I’ll never forget the day when I first met her.
where 地点 = at/in/on/to which This is the school where I studied.
why 原因 = for which The reason why he was late is unknown.

注意：where引导定语从句还是状语从句？关键看有无先行词。★高考核心
- 有先行词（表地点的名词）→定语从句：This is the house where he lived.（where=in which）
- 无先行词→地点状语从句：Put the book where it was.

3.3.3 限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
  • 限制性定语从句：不可省略，否则句意不完整，不用逗号。
  • The man who told me the news has left.
  • 非限制性定语从丘：补充说明，可省略，用逗号隔开，不能用that。★高考核心
  • My father, who is 60, still works hard.
3.3.4 “介词 + 关系代词”结构 ★★★高考高频
  • 介词 + which（指物）/ whom（指人）
  • 介词的选择：① 根据搭配（live in the house → in which）② 根据从句动词（depend on → on which）
  • 例：The house in which he lives is old. = The house where he lives is old.
  • 例：The person to whom I spoke is our headmaster.
  • 名词/代词 + 介词 + which/whom ★高考核心
  • He has two sons, both of whom are doctors.
  • China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
3.3.5 定语从句高考真题分析

真题1（2023新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空改编）

The book tells the story of a young girl ___ father is a scientist.

【分析】先行词girl与father为所属关系，用whose。答案：whose。

真题2（2022全国乙卷改编）

We will never forget the day ___ we spent together in the countryside.

【分析】先行词day在从句中作spent的宾语，用that/which。答案：that/which（注意不是when，因为spent后缺宾语）。

真题3（2021新高考Ⅰ卷改编）

___ is reported, the number of wild tigers has increased.

【分析】as引导非限制性定语从句，置于句首，表”正如”。答案：As。

3.4 名词性从句总复习

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。★高考核心

3.4.1 引导词分类
类别 引导词 功能
连接词 that, whether, if 不作成分，仅起连接作用
连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 作主/宾/表/定语
连接副词 when, where, why, how 作状语

that vs whether/if：★高考核心
- that在名词性从句中不充当成分也无意义，仅连接（在宾语从句中that常可省略）。
- whether/if表”是否”，whether可引导所有名词性从句，if一般只引导宾语从句且不在or not前。
- 例：The question is whether he will come.（表语从句，只能用whether）
- 例：I wonder if/whether he will come.（宾语从句，均可）

3.4.2 主语从句
  • 例：That he passed the exam is true. ★高考高频
  • 形式主语it：It is well-known that the earth is round. ★高考核心
  • It is necessary/important/clear that…（should do虚拟，见3.6）
  • It is a pity/a shame that…
  • It is reported/said/believed that…
  • What he said is true.（what在从句中作said的宾语）
3.4.3 宾语从句
  • 动词后：I think that he is right.
  • 介词后：I’m interested in what he is doing.
  • 形容词后：I’m sure that he will come.
  • 宾语从句用whether不用if的情况：介词后；or not紧跟时； discuss后；主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中。★高考高频
3.4.4 表语从句
  • 例：The problem is that we have no money.
  • 例：That is what I want to say.
  • because引导表语从句：That is because he was ill. ★高考核心
  • reason的主语从句用that，不用because：The reason is that…（不可用because，避免重复）★高考核心
3.4.5 同位语从句
  • 用法：解释说明前面的名词（fact, news, idea, hope, belief, question, doubt, suggestion, advice, possibility等）。
  • 引导词：多用that，that不充当成分也不省略。★高考核心
  • 例：The news that he won the prize excited us.（that不充当成分）
  • 同位语从句与定语从句区别：★★★高考核心
  • 同位语从句的that不充当成分；定语从句的that须充当成分。
  • 比较：The news that he told us is true.（定语从句，that作told的宾语）
  • 比较：The news that he won the prize is true.（同位语从句，that不充当成分）
3.4.6 名词性从句的语序

名词性从句一律用陈述语序（主语+谓语）★高考核心
- 例：I don’t know where he lives.（不是where does he live）

3.4.7 名词性从句高考真题分析

真题1（2023新高考Ⅰ卷改编）

___ makes the book so popular is its vivid description of human nature.

【分析】主语从句缺主语，用what。答案：What。

真题2（2022新高考Ⅱ卷改编）

The question remains ___ we can finish the project on time.

【分析】表语从句表”是否”，用whether。答案：whether。

3.5 状语从句总复习

状语从句按意义分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较九类。★高考核心

3.5.1 时间状语从句
  • 引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, until/till, once, as soon as, the moment/minute/instant, immediately, hardly…when, no sooner…than。★高考高频
  • when, while, as区别：
  • when可接瞬间或延续动词；while只接延续动词，强调”在…期间”；as强调”一边…一边/随着”。
  • 例：While I was reading, he called.（不可用when表持续时段时，但when用法更宽）
  • 例：As time goes by, we grow older.
  • be about to do…when…/be doing…when…/had just done…when… ★★★高考核心句型
  • 例：I was about to go out when it began to rain.
  • since：主句完成时，从句一般过去时。
  • It has been/is five years since he joined the army. ★高考高频
  • not…until：直到…才
  • He didn't leave until I came back.
3.5.2 原因状语从句
  • 引导词：because, as, since, now that, for（并列连词，补充理由）。
  • because vs as vs since vs for：★高考核心
  • because语气最强，回答why，可被强调（It is because…）。
  • as、since语气较弱，已知原因。
  • for为并列连词，表补充说明，不可放句首。
  • now that（既然）：Now that you are here, let’s begin.
3.5.3 条件状语从句
  • 引导词：if, unless（=if not）, as/so long as（只要）, in case（万一）, provided that, on condition that。
  • 主将从现：主句将来时，条件从句用现在时表将来。★高考核心
  • If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
  • unless：You will fail unless you work harder.
3.5.4 让步状语从句
  • 引导词：though, although, even if/though, as, while, no matter + wh-/wh-ever, whether…or…
  • though/although不可与but连用，但可与yet/still连用。★高考核心
  • Although he was tired, yet he went on working.
  • as引导让步状语从句倒装（★★★高考核心）：
  • 形容词/副词/名词/动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语
  • 例：Child as he is, he knows a lot.（名词前无冠词）
  • 例：Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.
  • 例：Hard as he worked, he failed.
  • no matter wh- vs wh-ever：★高考高频
  • No matter what you say, I won’t change my mind.（让步状语）
  • Whatever you say won’t change my mind.（whatever引导主语从句，不可用no matter what）
3.5.5 目的状语从句
  • 引导词：so that, in order that（以便）。
  • 从句中常含can/could/may/might/will/would等情态动词。★高考高频
  • 例：He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
3.5.6 结果状语从句
  • 引导词：so…that, such…that, so that。
  • so vs such：★★★高考核心
  • so + 形容词/副词 + that：so beautiful that…
  • such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that：such a beautiful flower that…
  • 特例：so + many/much/few/little + 名词 + that（little表”少”时用so，表”小”时用such）。★高考高频
    • so many people that… / such a little boy that…
  • so that既可表目的也可表结果，根据语境判断。
3.5.7 方式状语从句
  • 引导词：as, (just) as, as if/as though。
  • as if/as though后可用虚拟语气（与现在相反用过去，与过去相反用过去完成）。★高考核心
  • He looks as if he were ill.（与现在事实相反）
  • He talked as if he had been there.（与过去事实相反）
3.5.8 地点状语从句
  • 引导词：where, wherever。
  • 例：Put the book where it was. ★高考高频
  • 例：Wherever you go, I will follow.

3.6 虚拟语气总复习

虚拟语气表示假设、愿望、建议等非真实情况。★高考核心

3.6.1 if条件句的虚拟语气（三种情况）
情况 从句谓语 主句谓语 例句
与现在相反 did/were would/should/could/might + do If I were you, I would not do that.
与过去相反 had done would/should/could/might + have done If he had come yesterday, I would have seen him.
与将来相反 did/were to do/should do would/should/could/might + do If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay home.

if的省略与倒装：★★★高考核心
- 省略if，将had/were/should提前构成倒装。
- Had he come yesterday, I would have seen him.
- Were I you, I would not do that.
- Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay home.

错综时间条件句：★高考高频
- 从句与主句时间不一致，各按各的时间。
- If he had followed the doctor’s advice then, he would be all right now.（从句过去，主句现在）

3.6.2 wish后的虚拟语气
时间 谓语形式 例句
与现在相反 did/were I wish I were a bird.
与过去相反 had done I wish I had studied harder.
与将来相反 would/could do I wish you would come tomorrow.
3.6.3 would rather后的虚拟语气 ★高考高频
  • would rather + (that) sb + did（与现在/将来相反）
  • would rather + (that) sb + had done（与过去相反）
  • I would rather you came tomorrow.
  • I would rather you hadn't told him the truth.
3.6.4 “insist等 + should do”型虚拟语气 ★★★高考核心

** insist, suggest, demand, require, request, order, command, advise, propose, recommend, desire, urge, prefer, ask**

  • 以上动词后的宾语从句用 (should) + 动词原形，should可省略。
  • He insisted that we (should) start at once.
  • The doctor suggested that he (should) give up smoking.
  • suggest表示”暗示、表明”时不用虚拟 ★高考核心（易错点）
  • His pale face suggests that he is ill.（表明，陈述事实，不用虚拟）
  • I suggested that he (should) see a doctor.（建议，用虚拟）

相关名词后的同位语从句/表语从句也用虚拟：
- suggestion, advice, demand, request, order, proposal, requirement等 + that… (should) do
- His suggestion that we (should) leave early is reasonable.

相关形容词后的主语从句用虚拟：
- It is necessary/important/essential/urgent/vital/desirable/strange that… (should) do ★高考高频
- It is necessary that everyone (should) attend the meeting.

3.6.5 as if/as though后的虚拟
  • 见3.5.7。
3.6.6 “It is (high) time that…”句型 ★高考高频
  • It is (high) time that sb did/should do sth.
  • It is high time that we went/should go home.
3.6.7 虚拟语气高考真题分析

真题1（2023改编）

The teacher demanded that the homework ___ (hand) in before Friday.

【分析】demand后的宾语从句用(should) do，homework与hand为被动关系。答案：(should) be handed。

真题2（2022改编）

If I ___ (be) you, I would seize the opportunity.

【分析】与现在事实相反的虚拟，be动词用were。答案：were。

3.7 特殊句式总复习

3.7.1 倒装

完全倒装：谓语全部置于主语前。★高考高频
- 表方位的副词（here, there, up, down, in, out等）+ 不及物动词 + 主语（名词）。
- Here comes the bus. / Out rushed the children.
- 表地点的介词短语 + 不及物动词 + 主语。
- In front of the house stands a tall tree.
- 表语前置（表语+系动词+主语）。
- Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.

部分倒装（★★★高考核心，重点）：
1. 否定词/半否定词置于句首：never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, few, not, not only, no sooner, in no case, by no means, at no time等。★高考核心
- Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
- Not only does he study hard, but also he helps others.
2. only + 状语置于句首：★高考核心
- Only then did I realize my mistake.
- Only in this way can we solve the problem.
3. so/neither/nor置于句首表”也/也不”：
- He likes reading. So do I.
- He doesn’t like reading. Neither do I.
- 注意”so + 主语 + 助动词”表的确如此（不倒装）：—— He works hard. —— So he does.（他的确如此）
4. so…that/such…that结构中so/such置于句首：★高考高频
- So beautiful was the scenery that I took many photos.
5. as引导让步状语从句的倒装（见3.5.4）：
- Child as he is, he knows a lot.
6. 虚拟条件句省略if的倒装（见3.6.1）：
- Had he come earlier, he would have seen her.

3.7.2 强调句

结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其余部分。★高考核心

  • 强调主语：It was Tom that/who broke the window.
  • 强调宾语：It was the window that Tom broke.
  • 强调时间状语：It was yesterday that Tom broke the window.
  • 强调地点状语：It was in the library that I met him.

强调句的判断方法：去掉”It is/was”和”that”，剩余部分仍能组成完整句子。★高考高频
- 比较：It was in 2010 that he graduated.（强调句）→ He graduated in 2010.（成立）
- 比较：It was 2010 when he graduated.（定语从句，2010为先行词）→ He graduated 2010.（不成立）

not…until的强调句型：★高考核心
- It is/was not until… that…
- It was not until he came back that I left.
-（原句：I didn’t leave until he came back.）

强调谓语：用do/does/did + 动词原形。★高考高频
- He does speak English well.（强调speak）
- She did come yesterday.

3.7.3 省略
  • 状语从句中的省略：当从句主语与主句主语一致且含be动词时，可省略”主语+be”。★高考核心
  • While (he was) walking in the street, he met an old friend.
  • Though (he was) tired, he kept working.
  • 不定式的省略：保留to，省略后面的动词。
  • — Would you like to go with me? — I’d love to. ★高考高频
  • 虚拟语气中should的省略（见3.6.4）。
3.7.4 there be句式
  • 基本结构：There + be + 主语 + 状语。
  • 时态变化：There is/are, was/were, will be, has been, had been…
  • there be的变体：there seem to be, there happen to be, there exist/stand/live/lie… ★高考核心
  • There exists a generation gap between them.
  • There stands an old temple on the hill.
  • there be的非谓语形式：there to be / there being ★高考高频
  • I expect there to be no misunderstanding.
  • there be就近原则：There is a pen and two books on the desk.

3.8 情态动词总复习

3.8.1 表推测
肯定推测 否定推测 用法
must do can't do 对现在的推测
must have done can't have done 对过去的推测
may/might do may not do 可能性较小
may/might have done may not have done 对过去可能的推测
should/ought to do — 按理应当
could have done — 本可以做到（实际未做）★高考高频
should have done shouldn't have done 本应该做/本不该做（实际未做/做了）★★高考核心
needn't have done — 本不必做（实际做了）★高考高频
  • 例：He must be at home, for the light is on.
  • 例：You can't have seen him yesterday, for he was abroad.
  • 例：You should have told me earlier.（你本该早告诉我）
3.8.2 表应答与请求
  • shall用于第一/三人称疑问句，表征求意见：Shall we go now? / Shall he come in?
  • will/would用于第二人称疑问句，表请求：Would you help me?
  • should/ought to表劝告、建议：You should give up smoking.
  • had better (not) do：最好（不）做。
3.8.3 情态动词+have done ★★★高考核心
  • must have done：过去一定做了（肯定推测）
  • can’t/couldn’t have done：过去不可能做了
  • may/might have done：过去可能做了
  • should/ought to have done：过去本应该做（却没做）——责备
  • shouldn’t have done：过去本不该做（却做了）——责备
  • needn’t have done：过去本不必做（却做了）
  • could have done：过去本可以做到（却没做到）

3.9 主谓一致

3.9.1 语法一致
  • 主语单数→谓语单数；主语复数→谓语复数。
  • each/every/no + 单数名词and + 单数名词→单数。★高考高频
  • Every boy and every girl has a book.
3.9.2 就近一致
  • or, nor, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but连接的并列主语→谓语与最近的主语一致。★高考核心
  • Neither he nor I am a student.
  • there be句式：There is a book and two pens.
3.9.3 意义一致
  • 集合名词（family, team, class, audience等）作整体看→单数；强调成员→复数。★高考高频
  • My family is a large one. / My family are watching TV.
  • police, people, cattle等总用复数。
  • The police are looking for the thief.
  • news, physics, mathematics等形复意单→单数。
  • The news is exciting.
  • the + 形容词/分词表一类人→复数。
  • The rich are not always happy.
  • 表示数量概念的名词（a number of/the number of）：★高考核心
  • A number of students are reading.（许多学生，复数）
  • The number of students is 50.（…的数量，单数）
  • 分数/百分数 + of + 名词：谓语与名词一致。★高考高频
  • Two-thirds of the earth is covered by water.
  • 70% of the students are girls.

3.10 with复合结构与独立主格

3.10.1 with复合结构 ★★★高考核心

结构：with + 宾语 + 宾补（to do / doing / done / adj. / adv. / 介词短语）

宾补形式 含义 例句
to do 将要做（主动、将来） With so much work to do, I can’t go out.
doing 正在做（主动、进行） With the boy leading the way, we found the place.
done 已做（被动、完成） With the work finished, we went home.
adj. 形容词 He slept with the window open.
adv. 副词 With his parents away, he felt lonely.
介词短语 — The girl with a flower in her hand is my sister.
3.10.2 独立主格结构 ★高考高频

结构：名词/代词 + 非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语（与句子主语不同，自带逻辑主语）

  • 名词 + doing（主动）：Weather permitting, we’ll go outing.
  • 名词 + done（被动）：The work finished, we went home.
  • 名词 + to do（将来）：More time to be given, we would do it better.
  • 名词 + 形容词/副词/介词短语：He stood there, hat in hand and pipe in mouth.

with复合结构与独立主格的区别：with结构有with引导；独立主格无连接词，两个成分直接并列。两者作用相同，皆作状语。

四、高考阅读理解专项

4.1 阅读理解5篇（含题型分析）

【Passage 1】人与自然·科普说明文

The Silent Decline of Bees

Bees are often taken for granted, yet these tiny insects play an outsized role in sustaining life on Earth. Through pollination (授粉), bees contribute to the production of nearly 75% of the world’s flowering plants and about 35% of global food crops. Without them, our plates would be far less colorful and our diets nutritionally poorer.

Alarmingly, bee populations worldwide have been declining at an unprecedented rate over the past few decades. Scientists attribute this “colony collapse disorder” to a combination of factors: the widespread use of pesticides (农药), habitat loss due to urban expansion, climate change that disrupts flowering seasons, and parasitic mites (寄生螨) that weaken bee immune systems. A landmark study published in Science revealed that nearly 40% of bee species are now vulnerable to extinction.

The consequences extend far beyond agriculture. Many wild plants depend exclusively on specific bee species for pollination; lose the bee, and the plant may vanish too, triggering a chain reaction through entire ecosystems. Indigenous communities that rely on these plants for medicine and food would be disproportionately affected.

What can be done? Individual actions matter. Planting native flowers in gardens, reducing pesticide use, and supporting local beekeepers all help. On a policy level, some European countries have already banned certain harmful pesticides, and the European Union has launched a comprehensive Pollinator Initiative aimed at reversing the decline by 2030.

The humble bee reminds us that the fate of humanity is deeply intertwined with the smallest of creatures. Saving the bees is, in the end, saving ourselves.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?（主旨大意题）
A. Bees produce most of the world’s food.
B. Bees are declining and the consequences and solutions are discussed.
C. Pesticides are the only cause of bee decline.
D. The EU has solved the bee decline problem.

【答案】B 【分析】文章从蜜蜂重要性、衰退原因及后果、解决措施展开，B项概括全面。A项overstates（”most”过于绝对）；C项”only”片面；D项”solved”违背文意。

2. According to the passage, approximately what percentage of global food crops depend on bee pollination?（细节理解题）
A. 75%
B. 35%
C. 40%
D. 25%

【答案】B 【分析】细节定位第一段”about 35% of global food crops”。注意区分75%（flowering plants）与35%（food crops）。

3. What can be inferred about the relationship between bees and wild plants?（推理判断题）
A. All wild plants can survive without bees.
B. Some wild plants rely solely on specific bee species.
C. Wild plants are not affected by bee decline.
D. Bees depend on wild plants for survival.

【答案】B 【分析】由第三段”Many wild plants depend exclusively on specific bee species”推断B正确。”exclusively”=solely。A、C与文意相反；D虽可能正确但非本文推断重点。

4. What does the underlined word “disproportionately” in Paragraph 3 most likely mean?（词义猜测题）
A. Equally
B. To a degree that is much greater or lesser than expected
C. Slowly
D. Naturally

【答案】B 【分析】构词法：dis-否定 + proportion比例 + -ately副词后缀，意为”不成比例地、格外地”。结合语境”in disproportionately affected”指受影响程度超乎寻常。

5. What is the author’s attitude toward the future of bees?（观点态度题）
A. Completely pessimistic
B. Cautiously hopeful
C. Indifferent
D. Highly critical

【答案】B 【分析】作者既指出严峻形势又提出可行措施（individual actions, policy level），结尾”Saving the bees is saving ourselves”号召行动，态度谨慎乐观。

【Passage 2】人与社会·记叙文

A Letter That Crossed Oceans

When 14-year-old Mei found a sealed envelope tucked inside a second-hand book she’d bought at a charity shop in London, she had no idea it would spark a journey spanning three continents and four decades.

The letter, dated 1979, was written in elegant Chinese characters by a woman named Lin Yue to her childhood friend. It spoke of longing, of a homesickness deepened by years of living abroad, and of a promise: “When the cherry blossoms bloom again in our old courtyard, I will return.” But the letter had never been posted — the address smudged, the stamp unstuck. Mei was moved.

Though she barely read Chinese, her grandfather, a retired professor visiting from Shanghai, translated each line with trembling hands. He went silent at one particular sentence. “This Lin Yue,” he whispered, “was my classmate in middle school. She emigrated to Canada and we lost touch. I always wondered what became of her.”

What followed was a months-long search. Mei posted the letter’s contents on social media. A retired teacher in Vancouver recognized the handwriting. Lin Yue, now 82, had been living quietly in a care home, her memory fading but her attachment to the past undiminished. When Mei’s grandfather finally video-called her, both wept. “You kept your promise in spirit,” he said. “I’m here.”

The story went viral. Strangers sent Mei messages from across the globe, sharing their own tales of lost connections and second chances. Mei realized the power of a single letter: not just to deliver words, but to mend what time had unraveled.

1. Why did the letter never reach its destination?（细节理解题）
A. Mei found it before it was mailed.
B. The address was unclear and the stamp was not affixed.
C. Lin Yue changed her address.
D. The post office lost it.

【答案】B 【分析】第二段”the address smudged, the stamp unstuck”——地址模糊，邮票未贴。

2. What can we infer about Mei’s grandfather?（推理判断题）
A. He had forgotten about Lin Yue completely.
B. He had been wondering about Lin Yue’s fate for years.
C. He disliked Lin Yue.
D. He had moved to Canada.

【答案】B 【分析】”I always wondered what became of her”表明他多年来一直挂念。

3. The underlined phrase “went viral” probably means ___.（词义猜测题）
A. became infected with a virus
B. spread rapidly and widely online
C. caused anger
D. was deleted

【答案】B 【分析】语境”Strangers sent Mei messages from across the globe”提示故事在网上广泛传播。viral本义病毒性的，引申为”迅速传播”。

4. What is the best title for the passage?（主旨大意题）
A. A Charity Shop in London
B. Mei’s Hobby of Collecting Letters
C. A Lost Letter Reconnects Two Old Friends
D. The Importance of Learning Chinese

【答案】C 【分析】文章核心是”一封遗失的信促成了两位老友重逢”。C项最贴切。

5. What does the story imply about human connections?（推理判断/主旨题）
A. Time heals all wounds.
B. Technology is unnecessary for friendship.
C. Small acts can bridge great distances and heal old wounds.
D. Friendship is impossible across cultures.

【答案】C 【分析】结尾”the power of a single letter: to mend what time had unraveled”点明主旨——小小的善举能跨越距离、弥合岁月。

【Passage 3】人与自我·议论文

Should High Schools Start Later?

Picture this: a 16-year-old drags himself out of bed at 6 a.m. after barely six hours of sleep, sits through a chemistry lecture he can barely follow, and wonders why he feels like a zombie by third period. This scene plays out in high schools across America every morning — and a growing body of research says it doesn’t have to be this way.

Adolescents’ biological clocks naturally shift during puberty (青春期), making them feel sleepy later at night and wake later in the morning. Studies by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) confirm that teenagers need 8-10 hours of sleep, yet the average high schooler gets just 6.5. The mismatch between teen biology and early school start times is, researchers argue, a public health issue hiding in plain sight.

The evidence for later starts is compelling. A landmark study of the Seattle school district, which pushed start times from 7:50 to 8:45 a.m., found students gained an average of 34 minutes of sleep per night. Grades improved, particularly in first-period classes. Tardiness dropped. Even car accident rates among teen drivers declined in districts that made the switch.

Critics counter that later starts disrupt working parents’ schedules, complicate bus logistics, and cut into after-school activities and part-time jobs. Some argue teenagers should simply go to bed earlier. Yet this, scientists retort, ignores biology: a teen told to sleep at 9 p.m. may lie awake for hours, unable to force a circadian rhythm (生物钟) that science says won’t cooperate.

The debate touches on a deeper question: should public institutions adapt to human biology, or should individuals conform to institutional schedules? If schools exist to serve students’ development, then aligning (使一致) schedules with adolescent biology seems not just sensible but essential.

1. What is the main argument of the passage?（主旨大意题）
A. Teenagers sleep too much.
B. High schools should consider starting later to match teen biology.
C. Early school times have no negative effects.
D. Parents should wake teenagers earlier.

【答案】B 【分析】全文论证”推迟上学时间符合青少年生物钟”。B项概括准确。

2. According to the AAP, how many hours of sleep do teenagers need?（细节理解题）
A. 6.5 hours
B. 7-8 hours
C. 8-10 hours
D. 10-12 hours

【答案】C 【分析】第二段”teenagers need 8-10 hours of sleep”。注意区分need与实际get（6.5）。

3. What was a benefit observed in Seattle after delaying school start times?（细节理解题）
A. Students slept exactly 10 hours.
B. Grades improved, especially in first-period classes.
C. Car accidents increased.
D. Tardiness increased.

【答案】B 【分析】第三段”Grades improved, particularly in first-period classes”。A项”exactly 10 hours”无依据；C、D与文意相反。

4. How do scientists respond to the argument that teens should go to bed earlier?（推理判断题）
A. They agree completely.
B. They argue biology makes early bedtime unrealistic for teens.
C. They think parents should force teens to sleep.
D. They have no opinion.

【答案】B 【分析】第四段”ignores biology: a teen told to sleep at 9 p.m. may lie awake for hours, unable to force a circadian rhythm”。

5. What is the author’s tone in the passage?（观点态度题）
A. Neutral and purely descriptive
B. Persuasive, advocating for change
C. Angry and accusatory
D. Humorous and lighthearted

【答案】B 【分析】作者列举研究证据、反驳反对意见、结尾反问，整体倾向倡导改革，tone为persuasive。

【Passage 4】人与社会·应用/说明文

The Resurgence of Board Games in a Digital Age

In an era dominated by smartphones and streaming services, one might expect board games to have gone the way of the typewriter. Surprisingly, the opposite has happened: board game sales have grown by over 20% annually since 2020, and thousands of new titles hit the market each year.

What explains this revival? Sociologists point to “digital fatigue” — a growing exhaustion with screens and a craving for tangible, face-to-face interaction. Modern board games, unlike the simple roll-and-move classics of the past, offer rich strategy, immersive storytelling, and cooperative play that no app can fully replicate. A game like Wingspan teaches players about bird species; Pandemic requires global teamwork to stop fictional outbreaks; Ticket to Ride builds geography skills under the guise of fun.

Board game cafés have sprung up in cities worldwide, becoming social hubs where strangers become friends over a shared table. For many, these gatherings offer something rare: undivided attention, laughter in real time, and a sense of belonging that a glowing rectangle cannot provide.

Educators have taken notice too. Teachers report that strategic board games develop critical thinking, patience, and conflict resolution. Some schools have integrated them into enrichment programs, and researchers are studying their effects on cognitive development in the elderly, where early results suggest improved memory and social engagement.

Critics warn that the hobby can become expensive and exclude those who cannot afford the latest $80 release. Yet enthusiasts argue the cost-per-hour of entertainment compares favorably to movies or concerts, and online communities freely trade and lend games.

Perhaps the most telling sign: many young people who grew up as “digital natives” are leading the board game renaissance. For them, the appeal isn’t nostalgia (怀旧) for a lost era but a deliberate choice to reclaim a slower, more human way of connecting.

1. According to the passage, what is “digital fatigue”?（细节理解题）
A. Physical tiredness from using computers at work
B. Exhaustion with screens and a desire for face-to-face interaction
C. A medical condition caused by board games
D. The exhaustion of developing digital games

【答案】B 【分析】第二段明确定义”exhaustion with screens and a craving for tangible, face-to-face interaction”。

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of board games?（细节理解/排除题）
A. Teaching players about bird species
B. Improving memory in the elderly
C. Developing critical thinking in students
D. Reducing the cost of smartphones

【答案】D 【分析】A（Wingspan）、B（elderly memory）、C（critical thinking）均有提及。D项”reducing the cost of smartphones”未提及。

3. What can be inferred about “digital natives” leading the board game renaissance?（推理判断题）
A. They play board games out of nostalgia for their childhood.
B. They choose board games as a conscious alternative to digital entertainment.
C. They dislike all digital devices.
D. They cannot afford smartphones.

【答案】B 【分析】最后一段”the appeal isn’t nostalgia but a deliberate choice to reclaim a slower, more human way of connecting”——明确为有意识的选择，非怀旧。

4. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ___.（主旨大意/写作目的题）
A. Argue that board games should replace all digital entertainment
B. Explain the revival and benefits of board games in the digital age
C. Criticize people who use smartphones
D. Promote a specific board game brand

【答案】B 【分析】客观介绍桌游复兴现象及益处，未主张完全取代数字娱乐。

5. What does the underlined word “tangible” in Paragraph 2 most likely mean?（词义猜测题）
A. Digital and virtual
B. Physical, able to be touched
C. Expensive
D. Imaginary

【答案】B 【分析】与screens（屏幕）形成对比，tangible意为”可触摸的、实体的”。

【Passage 5】人与自然·科技前沿

Lab-Grown Meat: Feeding the Future?

In a sterile laboratory in Singapore, scientists extract a single cell from a live chicken — a process no more painful than a human cheek swab — and feed it nutrients in a bioreactor (生物反应器). Weeks later, a nugget of chicken meat emerges, identical in taste and texture to the conventional kind, yet no chicken was slaughtered to produce it. This is cultivated meat, and its proponents believe it could revolutionize how the world eats.

The case for lab-grown meat is compelling. Traditional livestock farming occupies nearly half the planet’s habitable land and generates roughly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions — more than all transportation combined. A single beef cow requires about 15,000 liters of water over its lifetime. Cultivated meat, by contrast, could use up to 95% less land and 78% less water, while virtually eliminating the ethical concerns of factory farming.

Singapore became the first country to approve cultured chicken for commercial sale in 2020, and the United States followed in 2023, granting clearance to two startups. Yet scaling (扩大规模) remains the central challenge. Currently, producing a single lab-grown burger costs far more than a conventional one, though prices have dropped dramatically since the first $330,000 prototype in 2013.

Skepticism persists. Some nutritionists question whether cultivated meat, grown in a metal tank rather than a living animal, can truly match the nutritional complexity of conventional meat. Environmentalists worry about the energy intensity of bioreactors if powered by fossil fuels. Consumers, surveys show, remain divided — intrigued by the sustainability story but uneasy about eating something “unnatural.”

The technology’s ultimate success may depend less on science than on perception. “People eat with their minds as much as their mouths,” notes one food sociologist. If lab-grown meat is to feed billions, it must first win hearts — not just pass safety tests.

1. What is the main advantage of cultivated meat over traditional meat, according to the passage?（细节理解/概括题）
A. It tastes better.
B. It uses significantly less land and water and reduces ethical concerns.
C. It is currently cheaper.
D. It contains more protein.

【答案】B 【分析】第二段数据”95% less land and 78% less water, eliminating ethical concerns”。A项未说tastes better（仅说identical）；C项与文意相反（currently more expensive）；D项未提及。

2. What was the cost of the first lab-grown burger prototype?（细节理解题）
A. $33,000
B. $330
C. $330,000
D. $3,300

【答案】C 【分析】第四段”$330,000 prototype in 2013”。注意数字陷阱，区分$33,000与$330,000。

3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（推理判断题）
A. Science alone will determine the success of lab-grown meat.
B. Consumer acceptance is crucial for the success of lab-grown meat.
C. Safety tests are the most important factor.
D. People do not care about taste.

【答案】B 【分析】”its ultimate success may depend less on science than on perception”及”must first win hearts”——消费者认知和接受度才是关键。

4. The author’s attitude toward lab-grown meat is ___.（观点态度题）
A. Enthusiastically supportive
B. Balanced, presenting both promises and challenges
C. Strongly opposed
D. Completely indifferent

【答案】B 【分析】作者既列举优势又指出挑战（成本高、营养质疑、能源担忧、消费者分歧），态度客观平衡。

5. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?（主旨大意题）
A. Lab-grown meat is perfect and will replace traditional meat soon.
B. Lab-grown meat offers potential benefits but faces scientific, economic, and social challenges.
C. Singapore is the only country producing lab-grown meat.
D. Consumers universally reject lab-grown meat.

【答案】B 【分析】综合全文，B项涵盖”潜力”与”挑战”两面，最全面。

4.2 七选五阅读训练（3篇）

【七选五训练1】人与自我·学习方法

How to Build a Reading Habit That Lasts

Reading is one of the most rewarding habits you can cultivate, yet many people struggle to make it stick. _1___ Here are practical strategies to build a reading habit that truly lasts.

Start small. Don’t vow to read 50 books a year overnight. _2___ Even five pages a day builds momentum. The goal is consistency, not volume.

Attach reading to an existing routine. Habits form more easily when anchored to something you already do. Read while having your morning coffee, or during your commute. _3___

Keep books visible. Out of sight is out of mind. Place a book on your nightstand, your desk, or in your bag. _4___ Every glance is a gentle invitation to read.

Remove distractions. _5___ Put your phone in another room or switch it to airplane mode. Give the book your full attention for those few minutes.

A. Reading just a little each day is far more effective than occasional marathons.
B. According to psychologists, it takes about 21 days to form a habit.
C. The key is to make reading a natural part of your daily rhythm.
D. When your phone buzzes every few minutes, deep reading becomes impossible.
E. Begin with a manageable goal — perhaps one chapter or ten pages daily.
F. They buy a pile of books, read for two days, then quit in frustration.
G. The more you see it, the more likely you are to pick it up.

答案与分析：
1. F（承上启下：许多人”买一堆书、读两天、放弃”，引出后文策略。关键词”quit”呼应”struggle”。）
2. E（与”Don’t vow to read 50 books”形成对比，建议”begin with a manageable goal”。）
3. C（小标题为”attach reading to an existing routine”，C项”make reading a natural part of your daily rhythm”总结该段。）
4. G（小标题”keep books visible”，G项”the more you see it, the more likely you are to pick it up”照应。）
5. D（小标题”remove distractions”，D项”phone buzzes…impossible”呼应。）

【七选五训练2】人与社会·文化沟通

Why Learning a Second Language Changes Your Brain

For decades, scientists viewed the brain as a fixed organ whose capacity was largely set in childhood. _1___ Research now shows that learning a second language physically reshapes the brain in remarkable ways.

First, bilinguals (双语者) develop denser grey matter in regions responsible for language and executive function. _2___ This isn’t just about vocabulary — it’s about a brain that becomes more efficient at juggling multiple tasks.

_3___ Studies comparing bilingual and monolingual (单语) adults found that bilinguals showed symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease an average of four to five years later. The constant mental workout of switching between languages appears to build “cognitive reserve,” a buffer that delays decline.

Beyond the medical benefits, bilinguals demonstrate greater empathy and cultural flexibility. _4___ Language carries worldview; learning another tongue opens a window into how other people think.

The advantages even extend to creativity. _5___ Bilinguals, accustomed to holding two systems in mind, often generate more original ideas and spot connections others miss.

A. This structural change enhances memory, attention, and problem-solving.
B. Knowing another language also appears to protect against cognitive decline.
C. Recent evidence, however, has overturned that assumption.
D. They navigate cultural nuances that monolinguals simply cannot perceive.
E. When you can think in two languages, you can approach problems from two angles.
F. Children learn languages more easily than adults.
G. Language learning requires significant time investment.

答案与分析：
1. C（转折，”however, has overturned that assumption”承接”fixed organ”。）
2. A（承接”denser grey matter”，A项”This structural change enhances…”具体说明作用。）
3. B（段首主题句，后文Alzheimer’s、cognitive reserve对应”protect against cognitive decline”。）
4. D（承接”greater empathy and cultural flexibility”，D项”navigate cultural nuances”。）
5. E（段首”creativity”，E项”two angles”呼应”two systems in mind, more original ideas”。）

【七选五训练3】人与自然·低碳生活

Small Steps to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint

Climate change can feel overwhelming, but individual actions collectively make a difference. _1___ Here are practical steps anyone can take.

Rethink your plate. _2___ Producing a kilogram of beef generates roughly 27 kg of CO₂, compared to under 1 kg for most vegetables. You don’t have to become vegetarian overnight — even reducing meat by two meals a week helps.

Travel smarter. _3___ Walking, cycling, and public transit produce far fewer emissions. For longer distances, trains emit up to 80% less CO₂ per passenger than flights.

Consume less, reuse more. Manufacturing new goods requires energy and resources. _4___ Repair a torn jacket instead of buying a new one; borrow tools rather than own duplicates.

Speak up. Perhaps the most powerful action is using your voice. _5___ Vote, write to representatives, and support businesses with genuine sustainability commitments.

A. Every purchase carries a hidden environmental cost.
B. Meat production, especially beef, is a major source of emissions.
C. Individual behavior has no impact on climate change.
D. Support policies and leaders that prioritize the planet.
E. Transportation accounts for a significant share of personal carbon footprints.
F. You need not solve the crisis alone — small daily choices add up.
G. Reducing carbon footprint requires government action only.

答案与分析：
1. F（承上启下，”small daily choices add up”呼应”individual actions collectively make a difference”。）
2. B（小标题”rethink your plate”，B项”meat production…major source of emissions”。）
3. E（小标题”travel smarter”，E项”transportation…significant share”。）
4. A（小标题”consume less, reuse more”，A项”Every purchase carries a hidden environmental cost”。）
5. D（小标题”speak up”，D项”vote, write to representatives…support businesses”。）

4.3 完形填空训练（2篇）

【完形1】人与自我·成长励志

From the day she could hold a pencil, Maya loved drawing. Her bedroom walls were covered with sketches of animals, trees, and imaginary creatures. But when she entered a citywide art 1 at age twelve, the result was 2.

“Your technique is 3,” the judge told her. “But your work lacks 4. There’s nothing that makes it memorable.” Maya left with a participation 5 and a heavy heart.

For weeks, she couldn’t pick up a pencil. Her mother, 6, didn’t push her. She simply left a blank 7 on Maya’s desk with a note: “Draw what you 8, not what you think others want to 9.”

Those words 10 something in Maya. She began sketching not animals or trees, but emotions — 11 in jagged (参差不齐的) lines, joy in spiraling colors. She drew her grandmother’s hands, 12 with age but steady with love. She drew the 13 of monsoon rain on her window.

The following year, she entered again. This time, her piece — a portrait of her grandmother 14 the rain — won first prize. The judge said it “15 with life.” Maya learned that true art comes not from pleasing others, but from 16 one’s own truth. That blank canvas had 17 her more about art than any 18 ever could.

Years later, as a 19 artist, Maya still kept that first judge’s comment — not as a wound, but as a 20: technique can be learned; authenticity (真实) must be discovered.

  1. A. exhibition B. competition C. course D. museum
  2. A. exciting B. disappointing C. strange D. different
  3. A. excellent B. terrible C. average D. outdated
  4. A. color B. size C. soul D. price
  5. A. ribbon B. medal C. certificate D. trophy
  6. A. therefore B. however C. besides D. instead
  7. A. canvas B. book C. wall D. paper
  8. A. see B. feel C. hear D. know
  9. A. buy B. see C. praise D. judge
  10. A. unlocked B. locked C. broke D. hid
  11. A. anger B. fear C. sadness D. all
  12. A. wrinkled B. smooth C. young D. clean
  13. A. sound B. pattern C. image D. smell
  14. A. in B. against C. with D. without
  15. A. deals B. struggles C. pulses D. agrees
  16. A. hiding B. expressing C. copying D. doubting
  17. A. taught B. cost C. warned D. promised
  18. A. judge B. book C. prize D. school
  19. A. struggling B. successful C. retired D. young
  20. A. gift B. lesson C. reminder D. medicine

答案与解析：
1. B competition（后文”entered again”“won first prize”提示为比赛。）
2. B disappointing（下文judge的批评使她”heavy heart”，结果令人失望。）
3. A excellent（”But”表转折，技术好但缺乏灵魂。）
4. C soul（与technique对比，lacks soul。后文”pulses with life”呼应。）
5. C certificate（参与奖certificate，符合语境。）
6. B however（母亲”didn’t push her”与前文低落形成转折。）
7. A canvas（空白画布canvas，与art主题契合。）
8. B feel（”Draw what you feel”画你所感受的，呼应authenticity。）
9. B see（”not what you think others want to see”——而非他人想看的。）
10. A unlocked（”unlocked something”解锁了某种东西，激发灵感。）
11. D all（列举anger, fear, sadness等所有emotion。）
12. A wrinkled（grandmother’s hands “wrinkled with age”年迈皱巴巴的。）
13. B pattern（雨打窗的”pattern”图案。sound也可以，但pattern更具视觉绘画性。）
14. B against（against the rain以雨为背景，经典搭配portrait against…）
15. C pulses（”pulses with life”充满生命力，pulsate的变形。）
16. B expressing（expressing one’s own truth表达真实自我。）
17. A taught（blank canvas “taught her”教会她。）
18. A judge（比任何judge教的都多，呼应首段judge。）
19. B successful（多年后成为成功艺术家。）
20. C reminder（不当作伤痛而是”reminder”提醒。）

【完形2】人与社会·善意传递

It was a freezing December morning when I walked into the coffee shop, 1 and discouraged. I had just been rejected from my dream job, and the future felt 2.

I ordered a black coffee and 3 into a corner seat. An elderly man at the next table 4 my gloomy expression and, without a word, 5 his own pastry (糕点) onto my table. 6, he smiled and returned to his newspaper.

I was 7. Strangers don’t just give you food for no reason. But the 8 gesture softened something in me. I ate the pastry, and 9 the warmth spread, so did a 10 of hope.

Before leaving, I decided to 11 it forward. I paid for the coffee of a young woman who looked as 12 as I had felt an hour ago. Her 13 of surprise, then gratitude, 14 my entire day.

Walking home through the snow, I realized that 15 travels in ripples (涟漪). One small act reaches one person, who 16 another, and the chain 17. That elderly man probably never knew that his pastry 18 a chain of kindness stretching far beyond that coffee shop.

We often 19 our impact on others, thinking our small gestures don’t matter. But on that cold morning, a single pastry and a 20 taught me that kindness, however small, is never wasted.

  1. A. excited B. tired C. angry D. confused
  2. A. bright B. hopeless C. promising D. clear
  3. A. sank B. looked C. moved D. fell
  4. A. ignored B. noticed C. copied D. forgot
  5. A. pushed B. threw C. dropped D. knocked
  6. A. Suddenly B. Instead C. Nodding D. Annoyed
  7. A. annoyed B. moved C. confused D. frightened
  8. A. unexpected B. planned C. rude D. formal
  9. A. even if B. as if C. as D. unless
  10. A. wave B. flash C. glimmer D. flood
  11. A. pay B. send C. pass D. push
  12. A. happy B. tired C. lost D. young
  13. A. look B. cry C. sound D. word
  14. A. ruined B. made C. saved D. cost
  15. A. news B. kindness C. gossip D. rumor
  16. A. meets B. helps C. avoids D. tells
  17. A. ends B. breaks C. grows D. shrinks
  18. A. broke B. started C. stopped D. witnessed
  19. A. underestimate B. overestimate C. ignore D. deny
  20. A. smile B. nod C. wave D. word

答案与解析：
1. B tired（与discouraged并列，rejection后的疲惫沮丧。）
2. B hopeless（future felt hopeless与rejection呼应。）
3. A sank（”sank into a corner seat”颓然坐下。）
4. B noticed（老人”注意到”我的表情。）
5. A pushed（”pushed his pastry onto my table”把糕点推过来。）
6. C Nodding（nodded, smiled，点头微笑。）
7. B moved（被陌生人善意感动。）
8. A unexpected（意外的举动。）
9. C as（”as the warmth spread”随着温暖蔓延。）
10. C glimmer（”glimmer of hope”一丝希望，文学化表达。）
11. A pay（”pay it forward”传递善意，固定表达。）
12. B tired（与我之前一样疲惫。）
13. A look（”look of surprise then gratitude”神情。）
14. B made（”made my entire day”让我一整天都美好。）
15. B kindness（善意如涟漪传递。）
16. B helps（一个人帮助另一个人。）
17. C grows（链条不断壮大。）
18. B started（那块糕点”启动了”善意链条。）
19. A underestimate（我们常”低估”自己对他人影响。）
20. A smile（一块糕点和一个微笑。）

五、高考写作专项

5.1 应用文写作：6篇范文

应用文满分15分，要求：内容完整、语言规范、结构清晰、得体。每篇范文标注高分句型、高级词汇、过渡词，附写作模板。

5.1.1 建议信

题目：你的英国笔友Tom来信说他对高中学习压力大感到焦虑，请给他写一封回信，提出不少于两条建议。词数约80词。

范文：

Dear Tom,

I was sorry to learn from your letter that you are suffering from academic stress. As someone who has been through similar struggles, I’d like to offer a few suggestions.

First and foremost, it’s essential to strike a balance between study and rest. A 20-minute break after every hour of work can work wonders for your efficiency. In addition, sharing your concerns with a trusted friend or teacher can lighten the burden considerably — after all, a problem shared is a problem halved. Last but not least, regular exercise, even a simple jog, helps release tension.

I firmly believe that with proper adjustment, you will overcome this tough period. Looking forward to hearing your good news.

Yours,
Li Hua

高分句型：As someone who has been through similar struggles（定语从句，拉近距离）
高级词汇：strike a balance, work wonders, lighten the burden, considerably
过渡词：First and foremost, In addition, Last but not least
模板：表态同情 → 提出建议（2-3条，first/additionally/finally）→ 鼓励祝福

5.1.2 邀请信

题目：学校将举办英语文化节，请你写信邀请外教Mr. Smith担任评委。词数约80词。

范文：

Dear Mr. Smith,

I am writing on behalf of the Student Union to cordially invite you to serve as a judge at our upcoming English Culture Festival, scheduled for 2:00 p.m. next Friday in the school hall.

The festival will feature a variety of activities, including English speech contests, drama performances, and a song competition, all conducted entirely in English. Given your rich teaching experience and genuine passion for the language, we believe your professional feedback would be invaluable to the participants.

Should you accept our invitation, we would arrange for a student volunteer to accompany you throughout the event. We sincerely hope you can join us and make this occasion even more memorable.

Yours sincerely,
Li Hua

高分句型：scheduled for（过去分词作定语）；Given your…experience（介词短语表原因）；Should you accept（虚拟倒装，if省略）
高级词汇：cordially, invaluable, accompany, memorable
过渡词：无明显过渡词，靠内容逻辑衔接

5.1.3 感谢信

题目：你在英国交流学习期间寄宿在Wilson女士家中，回国后写信表达感谢。词数约80词。

范文：

Dear Mrs. Wilson,

It is with immense gratitude that I write to you, having safely returned home. My stay in your warm home remains one of the most cherished memories of my exchange program.

I shall never forget your endless patience when correcting my English, the delicious Sunday roasts you prepared, and the delightful conversations we shared by the fireplace. Not only did you make me feel welcome, but you also treated me as a member of your own family. Thanks to your care, my English improved remarkably and my understanding of British culture deepened.

I hope you will visit China someday so that I can return your hospitality. Please keep in touch.

Yours gratefully,
Li Hua

高分句型：It is with immense gratitude that…（强调句）；Not only did you…but you also…（倒装句）
高级词汇：immense, cherished, remarkably, hospitality
模板：表达感谢 → 具体回忆（细节）→ 表达感受与祝愿

5.1.4 申请信

题目：学校招募暑期志愿者到社区图书馆服务，请你写申请信。词数约80词。

范文：

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to apply for the position of summer volunteer at the community library, as advertised on the school notice board.

I believe I am well-qualified for this role. To begin with, I have a profound love for books and reading, which has equipped me with extensive knowledge of various genres. Furthermore, my previous experience as a class librarian has familiarized me with cataloging systems and reader services. Most importantly, I am patient, responsible, and genuinely enjoy helping others discover the joy of reading.

I would deeply appreciate the opportunity to contribute to the community. I am available for an interview at your convenience.

Yours faithfully,
Li Hua

高分句型：as advertised on（过去分词）；which has equipped me with…（非限制性定语从句）
高级词汇：well-qualified, profound, cataloging, contribute to
过渡词：To begin with, Furthermore, Most importantly
模板：表明申请意向 → 阐述资格（经历/品质，2-3点）→ 表达期望

5.1.5 通知

题目：学校将组织一次英语演讲比赛，请你写一则通知。词数约80词。

范文：

NOTICE

Dear fellow students,

To enrich our campus life and enhance our spoken English, the English Department will hold the Annual English Speech Contest. The details are as follows.

The contest is scheduled to take place at 3:00 p.m. on May 15th in the school auditorium. The theme is “My Dream and the Future.” Each contestant is required to deliver a three-minute speech, followed by a one-minute Q&A session. Those who are interested are expected to register with their class monitor before May 10th. Prizes and certificates will be awarded to outstanding performers.

Everyone is warmly welcome to participate or join the audience. Let your voice be heard!

The Student Union
May 5th

高分句型：To enrich…（不定式作目的状语）；Those who are interested are expected to…（定语从句+被动）；as follows（如下）
高级词汇：enhance, auditorium, deliver, outstanding
格式要点：标题NOTICE居中；通知对象；正文（目的-时间地点-要求-报名）；落款与日期

5.1.6 发言稿

题目：在毕业典礼上，你作为毕业生代表发言，主题为”感恩与展望”。词数约80词。

范文：

Dear teachers, parents, and fellow graduates,

It is a great honor for me to speak on this special occasion. Looking back at the past three years, my heart is filled with profound gratitude. To our teachers: thank you for igniting the flame of curiosity in us and for standing by our side through every challenge. To our parents: thank you for your unconditional love and unwavering support.

As we step into a new chapter, let us carry forward the spirit of diligence and dreams that this school has instilled in us. The road ahead may be fraught with uncertainties, but it is also paved with endless possibilities.

May we all shine brightly wherever life takes us. Thank you and congratulations, Class of 2026!

Li Hua

高分句型：It is a great honor…（形式主语）；As we step into…（状语从句）；May we all shine…（祝愿句）
高级词汇：profound, ignite, instill, fraught with, pave with
修辞：parallelism（To our teachers… To our parents…）；paved with endless possibilities（隐喻）
模板：开场致辞 → 回顾感恩（具体对象）→ 展望未来 → 祝愿

5.2 读后续写：4篇范文

读后续写满分25分，要求：①与原文情节合理衔接 ②人物情感、动作、环境描写生动 ③主题升华 ④语言连贯 ⑤约150词。每篇标注情节设计、描写技巧，附”十步法”写作策略。

读后续写”十步法”写作策略
  1. 通读全文：把握主题、人物、情境、冲突、情绪基调。
  2. 聚焦结尾：原文最后一句是续写起点，必须无缝衔接。
  3. 分析段首句：两段的段首句决定情节走向，逆向设计。
  4. 规划两段情节：第一段解决”过渡与困境加深”，第二段解决”高潮与释然/升华”。
  5. 设计情感弧线：negative（恐惧/焦虑）→ struggle → turning point → positive（释然/成长/感恩）。
  6. 动作链描写：用连续动词（rushed, grabbed, pushed, gasped）营造紧张或节奏感。
  7. 五觉环境描写：视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉，烘托氛围。
  8. 语言风格统一：与原文时态、人称、文体、词汇色彩一致。
  9. 结尾升华主题：用一句感悟或呼应开头的句子点题。
  10. 检查字数与连贯：约150词，段落间过渡自然。
【读后续写1】亲情类

阅读原文（节选结尾）：
…Eight-year-old Lily clutched her grandmother’s old recipe book, her eyes filled with tears. Grandma had passed away last winter, and today was the first Mother’s Day without her. Lily remembered how every Sunday, the kitchen would fill with the sweet aroma of Grandma’s apple pie. She wanted so badly to recreate that taste, that warmth. But every attempt had failed. The dough was too sticky, the apples too sour. Now she sat on the kitchen floor, the recipe book open, ready to give up.

Paragraph 1:

Just then, her mother walked in, her footsteps gentle on the wooden floor. Seeing Lily hunched over the book with red-rimmed eyes, she knelt beside her without a word. Gently, she took the book, ran her fingers over Grandma’s familiar handwriting, and whispered, “Your grandmother always said the secret wasn’t in the recipe — it was in the love you put into it.” Those words, soft as a spring breeze, unlocked something in Lily’s heart. Together, they rose, peeled the apples with renewed determination, and laughed when the dough stuck to their fingers. The kitchen slowly filled with the same sweet aroma Lily had missed for months — not just of apples and cinnamon, but of togetherness.

Paragraph 2:

When the pie came out of the oven, golden and fragrant, Lily’s eyes shone with tears — but this time, they were tears of joy. As she and her mother sat down to share the first slice, Lily understood that Grandma had never really left. She lived on in the recipe book’s stained pages, in the warmth of the kitchen, and in the love that flowed from one generation to the next. The pie tasted exactly as Lily remembered — perhaps even better. For she realized that the true ingredient, the one Grandma had written between every line, was love itself. And love, unlike a recipe, could never be lost.

情节设计：困境（放弃）→ 转折（母亲出现、话语启发）→ 行动（共同制作）→ 成果（出炉）→ 顿悟升华（爱从未离去）
情感描写：red-rimmed eyes, tears of joy, unlocked something in her heart
动作链：walked in → knelt → took → ran fingers → whispered → rose → peeled → laughed
环境描写：sweet aroma of apples and cinnamon, golden and fragrant pie, warmth of the kitchen
主题升华：love could never be lost（爱从未离去，呼应Grandma的recipe）

【读后续写2】勇气类

阅读原文（节选结尾）：
…Marcus stood at the edge of the diving platform, his legs trembling. Below, the pool shimmered (波光粼粼) like a sheet of blue glass. He had trained for months for this competition, but now that the moment had arrived, fear gripped him like a vise (老虎钳). His coach’s voice echoed in his mind: “Trust your training.” Yet all he could hear was his own heartbeat, pounding like a drum. The crowd waited in silence. The judge’s whistle was about to blow.

Paragraph 1:

At that critical moment, Marcus closed his eyes and took a deep breath. He pictured his early morning practices — the countless times he had climbed these very steps, the sting of water against his skin, his coach’s patient corrections. Slowly, the fear began to loosen its grip. He visualized each move: the approach, the spring, the tuck, the entry. His body, trained by repetition, knew what to do even when his mind wavered. When the whistle finally pierced the silence, Marcus didn't hesitate. He sprang forward, arms cutting the air, body twisting with the precision of a thousand rehearsals. For a breathless second, he soared between sky and water, weightless and free.

Paragraph 2:

The moment he entered the water, he knew it was clean — minimal splash, perfect angle. Breaking the surface, he gazed up at the scoreboard. When his score flashed — 9.5, 9.7, 9.6 — a roar erupted from the stands. His coach was on his feet, pumping his fist. But what Marcus remembered most wasn’t the score or the applause; it was the instant before the whistle, when he had chosen courage over fear. That, he realized, was the real victory. From that day on, whenever he faced a daunting height — in diving or in life — he would close his eyes, breathe, and trust that his training and his heart would carry him through.

情节设计：恐惧巅峰 → 闭眼回忆训练 → 内心转化 → 起跳执行 → 完美入水 → 领悟（勇气胜于成绩）
情感描写：fear gripped him like a vise, fear began to loosen its grip, breathless, weightless and free
动作链：closed eyes → took a breath → pictured → visualized → sprang → cut → twisted → soared → entered → gazed
环境描写：pool shimmered like blue glass, roar erupted from the stands, scoreboard flashed

【读后续写3】善意/成长类

阅读原文（节选结尾）：
…Rain poured down as Emma hurried along the street, clutching her violin case. She had just received a rejection letter from the music academy of her dreams. “Technically proficient, but lacking emotion,” the letter read. The words stung worse than the rain. She had practiced for years, sacrificing weekends and friendships, only to be told her music had no soul. As she passed an alley, she heard a faint sound — a kitten, soaked (湿透) and shivering (发抖) under a cardboard box.

Paragraph 1:

Emma hesitated for only a second before kneeling down in the puddle. The kitten looked up at her with wide, frightened eyes, its tiny body trembling. Carefully, she scooped it up and tucked it inside her jacket, feeling its heartbeat — rapid and fragile — against her own. As she cradled the shivering creature, something shifted within her. She thought of her violin teacher’s words: “Music isn’t about perfect notes, Emma. It’s about what you feel.” All these years, she had played with precision but guarded her heart, afraid that emotion would make her vulnerable. Now, holding this helpless life, she let the feeling in — the tenderness, the worry, the fierce wish to protect.

Paragraph 2:

That evening, with the kitten curled asleep on her pillow, Emma picked up her violin. This time, she didn’t think about technique or the judges. She thought about the rain, the alley, the trembling heartbeat against her chest. The music that flowed from her strings was raw and unguarded, carrying every emotion she had long buried. When the last note faded, she was crying — not from sadness, but from a strange, full sense of release. The rejection letter still lay on her desk, but it no longer felt like a verdict (判决). She had found, at last, what her music had been missing: a heart willing to feel.

情节设计：受挫→偶遇小猫→救助中情感触动→归家演奏情感释放→顿悟（音乐在于真情）
情感描写：words stung worse than the rain；shifted within her；let the feeling in；a strange, full sense of release
动作链：hesitated → knelt → scooped → tucked → cradled → picked up → thought → flowed → faded → crying
环境描写：Rain poured down；heartbeat rapid and fragile；kitten curled asleep on her pillow

【读后续写4】自然类

阅读原文（节选结尾）：
…Twelve-year-old Daniel pulled his sled up the snow-covered hill, his breath forming white clouds in the freezing air. It was the first heavy snow of the season, and the entire town seemed to have gathered at Hilltop Park. Children shrieked with delight as they zoomed down the slope. But Daniel hung back. Last winter, he had tumbled hard on this very hill and broken his wrist. Since then, the hill had become a mountain of fear in his mind. His best friend, Sam, was already at the top, waving.

Paragraph 1:

Sam flew down the hill, his laughter trailing behind him like a banner. At the bottom, he leapt off, brushed the snow from his coat, and cupped his hands around his mouth. “Come on, Danny! The snow’s perfect!” Daniel’s heart hammered. He glanced down at his wrist — healed now, but the memory of pain lingered like a shadow. Just then, his little sister Mia tugged at his sleeve, her cheeks flushed red. “If you go, I’ll go,” she said, her voice a mix of bravery and fear. Looking into her trusting eyes, Daniel felt something shift. He couldn’t ask her to be brave if he wasn’t willing to try himself.

Paragraph 2:

With Mia climbing onto the sled behind him, Daniel positioned himself at the crest. “Ready?” he asked. She nodded, her small hands gripping his waist. “One, two, three!” He pushed off. The world rushed past in a blur of white — the wind tore at his cheeks, the sled bumped and swerved, and for one terrifying instant his heart leapt into his throat. But then Mia squealed with delight behind him, and terror melted into exhilaration. At the bottom, they tumbled off into a heap of snow and laughter. Daniel looked up at the hill that had once frightened him and grinned. It hadn’t shrunk — but he had grown.

情节设计：恐惧→朋友/妹妹激励→带妹妹一起下滑→恐惧化为兴奋→领悟（山未变，我已成长）
情感描写：heart hammered；lingered like a shadow；terror melted into exhilaration
动作链：flew → leapt → cupped → glanced → tugged → positioned → pushed → rushed → tumbled → grinned
环境描写：breath forming white clouds；snow-covered hill；blur of white；wind tore at his cheeks
主题升华：It hadn’t shrunk — but he had grown（经典升华句，对比手法）

5.3 高考写作高分句型库（30个可迁移句型）

以下30个句型可在应用文与读后续写中灵活迁移，按功能分类。

一、开头引出（适用于应用文/读后续写过渡）

  1. I am writing to express my sincere gratitude / invite you to / apply for…（应用文万能开头）
  2. On behalf of…, I would like to…（代表……）
  3. It is a great honor for me to…（很荣幸……）
  4. Hardly had I...when…（一……就……，倒装）
  5. Just at that moment, … happened.（就在那一刻，……发生了——读后续写过渡）

二、表达建议/观点

  1. It is highly recommended that… (should) do…（强烈建议……，虚拟语气）
  2. From my perspective,…（在我看来）
  3. There is no denying that…（不可否认……）
  4. Only by doing...can we…（只有通过……我们才能……，倒装）
  5. It is of great importance / vital that…（……非常重要）

三、表达原因/结果

  1. The reason why...is that…（……的原因是……）
  2. This is mainly because…（这主要是因为……）
  3. As a result / Consequently,…（因此……）
  4. Such...that…（如此……以至于……）
  5. Not only...but also…（不仅……而且……，倒装形式更显高级）

四、表达条件/让步

  1. Were it not for…, we would…（要不是……，我们会……，虚拟倒装）
  2. Should you have any questions, please feel free to…（如果您有问题，请随时……，虚拟倒装表礼貌）
  3. However difficult it may seem, we should never lose heart.（无论看起来多难，都不应灰心）
  4. Despite the fact that…, …（尽管……）
  5. Adverse as the circumstances were, he pressed on.（尽管环境不利，他仍坚持——as让步倒装）

五、描写与升华（读后续写）

  1. A wave of relief/excitement/sadness washed over him.（一阵……涌上心头——情感描写）
  2. With his heart pounding, he stepped forward.（心跳加速地……——动作+心理）
  3. It was then that he realized…（就在那时他意识到……——强调句，顿悟点）
  4. Looking back on…, he understood that…（回首……，他明白了……——升华）
  5. What left the deepest impression on him was…（给他留下最深印象的是……——主语从句）

六、结尾收束

  1. I would appreciate it if you could…（如果您能……我将感激不尽）
  2. I am looking forward to your early reply.（期待早日回复）
  3. May we all…（愿我们都能……——祝愿）
  4. It is my sincere hope that…（我真诚地希望……）
  5. In a word / All in all,…（总之……）

六、高考听力与语言运用专项

6.1 听力技巧指导

6.1.1 数字计算题

技巧：听前预读题干，预测涉及数字（价格、时间、数量、年龄、距离）；听时速记关键数字及运算关系词（more/less/another/total/left/change/discount）。

常见运算：
- 价格折扣：20% off → 原价×0.8
- 找零：paid $50, item $32 → change $18
- 时间推算：now 8:30, 40 minutes later → 9:10
- 数量加减：had 15, gave 3, bought 5 → now 17

例：M: The shirt is $40. W: I’ll take two. Here’s $100.
Q: How much change will the woman get? → $100 - $80 = $20

6.1.2 地点方向题

技巧：抓场景关键词判断地点。

地点 关键词
Hospital appointment, fever, prescription, surgery
Restaurant menu, bill, tip, reservation, waiter
Hotel check in/out, room service, reservation
Airport boarding pass, gate, flight, delay
Bank deposit, withdraw, account, interest
Library borrow, return, due, renew, fine
Post office stamp, parcel, mail, express
Shop discount, size, try on, out of stock
6.1.3 人物关系题

技巧：通过称呼、语气、话题判断关系。

关系 信号词
Teacher-student assignment, exam, grade, hand in
Boss-employee deadline, report, promotion, meeting
Doctor-patient what’s wrong, prescription, take medicine
Waiter-customer are you ready to order, anything else
Shop assistant-customer can I help you, what size
Husband-wife dear, honey, dinner, kids
Mother-child homework, behave, bedtime
6.1.4 主旨意图题

技巧：关注对话开头（often点明主题）、反复出现的词、说话者强调的内容；问”mainly about/what are they discussing/main idea”。

6.1.5 推理判断题

技巧：
- 通过语气判断情绪（升调表疑问/惊讶；降调表肯定/结束）。
- 通过转折词（but, actually, however, instead）抓真实意图——答案常在转折后。
- 通过暗示词（I’m afraid, I wish, if only, I’d rather）推断态度。

例：W: Did you enjoy the movie? M: Well, the acting was great, but the plot was a bit predictable.
Q: What does the man think of the movie? → Mixed feelings（演技好但情节可预测）

6.2 语法填空专项训练（5篇）

语法填空解题技巧

有提示词（约6-7空）：
- 动词：判断谓语（时态/语态/主谓一致）或非谓语（to do/doing/done）
- 名词：考查复数（-s/-es）或派生（形容词→名词，如important→importance）
- 形容词/副词：比较级/最高级；形容词↔副词转换（quick→quickly）
- 词性转换：根据句法位置判断需要的词性

无提示词（约3-4空）：
- 冠词：a/an/the/零冠词
- 介词：固定搭配（depend on, be fond of）
- 连词：and/but/or/so/because/although/when/that/what/which等
- 代词：it/they/them/one/that等

【语法填空1】

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Great Wall of China, 1 (stretch) over 21,000 kilometers, is one of the most remarkable architectural 2 (achieve) in human history. 3 (construct) over many dynasties, it served both as a military defense and a border control system.

Today, the Great Wall 4 (visit) by millions of tourists annually. However, sections of the wall are 5 (serious) damaged due to natural erosion and human activity. Efforts 6 (preserve) this cultural treasure are underway, 7 restoration projects funded by both government and private organizations.

8 we climb the wall today, we can still feel the weight of history. It 9 (stand) as a reminder that human determination can create wonders 10 last for centuries.

答案与解析：
1. stretching（现在分词作定语/状语，wall与stretch主动）
2. achievements（名词复数，one of the + 复数名词）
3. Constructed（过去分词作状语，被建造）
4. is visited（一般现在时被动，wall与visit被动）
5. seriously（副词修饰damaged）
6. to preserve（不定式作定语，修饰efforts）
7. with（with复合结构，with + projects + funded）
8. When/As（时间状语从句）
9. stands（一般现在时，表客观状态）
10. that/which（定语从句，修饰wonders）

【语法填空2】

Bamboo is one of the 1 (fast) growing plants on Earth, with some species 2 (reach) up to 90 cm in a single day. 3 (interest) in this plant has surged recently due to its environmental benefits.

Unlike trees, 4 take decades to mature, bamboo can 5 (harvest) in just three to five years. It absorbs more carbon dioxide and releases more oxygen than an equivalent area of trees, 6 (make) it a powerful weapon against climate change.

In many Asian countries, bamboo has been used for 7 (century) to build houses, make furniture, and even produce paper. Today, scientists are exploring its potential 8 a sustainable alternative to plastic.

The 9 (versatile) of bamboo is truly remarkable. It reminds us that sometimes the 10 (simple) solutions are the most effective.

答案与解析：
1. fastest（最高级，one of the + 最高级）
2. reaching（with复合结构，species与reach主动）
3. Interest（名词作主语，注意首字母大写）
4. which（非限制性定语从句，指物trees，不用that）
5. be harvested（被动语态含情态动词can）
6. making（现在分词作结果状语，自然而然的结果）
7. centuries（名词复数，for + 时间段）
8. as（作为，介词）
9. versatility（名词作主语）
10. simplest（最高级，与most effective呼应）

【语法填空3】

Marie Curie was the first woman 1 (win) a Nobel Prize, and the only person ever to receive Nobel Prizes in two different sciences. Born in Poland in 1867, she faced numerous 2 (obstacle), including the ban on women 3 (attend) universities.

4 (determine) to pursue her education, Marie moved to Paris and studied physics and mathematics. There she met Pierre Curie, 5 became her husband and research partner. Together, they discovered two new elements: polonium and radium.

6 (fortunate), their groundbreaking work came at a cost. The Curies were unaware of the dangers of radiation, 7 later claimed Marie’s life. Yet her 8 (contribute) to science changed the world forever.

Marie Curie once said, “Nothing in life is to 9 (fear); it is only to be understood.” Her courage and curiosity continue 10 (inspire) scientists today.

答案与解析：
1. to win（the first + to do定语）
2. obstacles（名词复数）
3. attending（ban on doing）
4. Determined（过去分词作状语，be determined to）
5. who（非限制性定语从句，指人）
6. Unfortunately（副词修饰全句，注意首字母大写）
7. which（非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句）
8. contributions（名词复数，可数）
9. be feared（不定式被动）
10. to inspire（continue to do）

【语法填空4】

In recent years, the concept of “minimalist living” 1 (gain) popularity worldwide. The idea is simple: own fewer possessions and focus on 2 truly matters.

Advocates argue that consumerism 3 (lead) to stress and environmental damage. By reducing 4 we buy, we not only save money but also decrease our carbon footprint. Studies show that people 5 adopt minimalist lifestyles report higher levels of happiness and lower levels of 6 (anxious).

7 , minimalism isn’t about owning nothing. It’s about owning 8 (intention) — keeping what adds value and letting go of the rest. As one practitioner puts 9 , “I used to buy things to fill a void; now I fill my life with experiences and relationships.”

Perhaps the greatest 10 (lesson) minimalism teaches us is that happiness rarely comes from what we have, but from who we are.

答案与解析：
1. has gained（现在完成时，in recent years）
2. what（宾语从句，作matters的主语）
3. leads（一般现在时，陈述客观观点）
4. what（宾语从句，作buy的宾语）
5. who/that（定语从句，修饰people）
6. anxiety（名词，levels of + 名词）
7. However（转折副词，注意首字母大写及逗号）
8. intentionally（副词修饰owning）
9. it（固定搭配put it，it指代观点）
10. lesson（名词，the greatest lesson）

【语法填空5】

The Amazon rainforest, often 1 (refer) to as the “lungs of the Earth,” produces about 20% of the world’s oxygen. 2 (cover) over 5.5 million square kilometers, it is home to 3 (million) of species, many of 4 cannot be found anywhere else.

5 , this natural wonder is under threat. Each year, large areas of the forest 6 (destroy) for agriculture and cattle ranching. Scientists warn that 7 the current rate of deforestation continues, the Amazon could reach a “tipping point” beyond 8 it cannot recover.

The consequences would be global. The Amazon stores enormous amounts of carbon; 9 (lose) it would accelerate climate change dramatically. Protecting the rainforest is no longer just Brazil’s responsibility — it is 10 challenge that belongs to all of humanity.

答案与解析：
1. referred（过去分词，be referred to as）
2. Covering（现在分词作状语，forest与cover主动）
3. millions（millions of固定搭配）
4. which（非限制性定语从句，指species）
5. However（转折）
6. are destroyed（一般现在时被动）
7. if（条件状语从句）
8. which（beyond which定语从句，介词+which）
9. losing（动名词作主语）
10. a（泛指一个challenge）

6.3 高考语言运用高频考点清单

语法填空高频考点
考点 频率 要点
时态语态 ★★★ 根据时间状语、上下文时态判断
非谓语动词 ★★★ 作定语/状语/宾语/补语，区分doing/done/to do
词性转换 ★★★ 名词↔形容词↔副词，根据句法位置判断
比较级最高级 ★★ than, the + 最高级, even/much + 比较级
名词复数 ★★ 可数名词复数，注意不规则变化
冠词 ★★★ a/an/the/零冠词，特指泛指判断
介词 ★★ 固定搭配
连词 ★★★ and/but/so/because/although/that/what/which/when
it的用法 ★★ 形式主语/宾语，指代
固定句型 ★★ It is…that强调句, so…that, not only…but also
完形填空高频考点
  1. 词义辨析（动词/名词/形容词）：近义词区分（如preserve/conserve/reserve）
  2. 固定搭配：动词短语（give in/up/away/back）、介词搭配
  3. 语境推理：根据上下文逻辑选择（情感色彩、转折递进）
  4. 逻辑关系：and/but/or/so/however/therefore/besides等连接词
  5. 复现信息：原词复现、同义词/反义词复现
  6. 常识与文化背景：符合英语国家文化常识

七、高考模拟综合测试（2套）

模拟卷一

第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）
（说明：本部分提供听力题型说明与样题示例，实际考试须配套音频）

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话仅读一遍。

  1. What will the man do this weekend?
    A. Visit his parents. B. Go hiking. C. Stay at home.

  2. How much does the woman need to pay?
    A. $20. B. $35. C. $40.

  3. Where does the conversation probably take place?
    A. In a library. B. In a bookstore. C. In a classroom.

  4. What is the relationship between the speakers?
    A. Teacher and student. B. Boss and employee. C. Waiter and customer.

  5. What does the woman mean?
    A. She likes the movie. B. She hasn’t seen the movie. C. She dislikes the movie.

听力原文示例（Text 1）：
W: Any plans for the weekend?
M: I was thinking of hiking, but the weather forecast says rain. I guess I’ll just stay in and catch up on reading.

答案：1-5 CBABC

第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段读两遍。

（本卷听力第二节样题略，实际模拟须配套音频及完整对话文本，考查数字计算、地点方向、人物关系、主旨意图、推理判断等题型。参考答案：6-10 BACBC 11-15 ABACA 16-20 BCACB）

第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

A

Welcome to the Greenwood Community Library!

Opening Hours
- Monday–Friday: 9:00 a.m. – 8:00 p.m.
- Saturday: 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
- Sunday: Closed

Membership
Free for all residents of Greenwood. Bring a valid ID and proof of address to register. Children under 14 need a parent’s signature.

Borrowing Rules
- Up to 10 items at a time
- Loan period: 3 weeks for books; 1 week for DVDs
- Renewals: twice online or in person (unless reserved by others)
- Overdue fine: $0.25 per day per item

Special Services
- Free Wi-Fi and computer access
- weekly storytime for ages 3-6 (Saturdays at 10 a.m.)
- Study rooms: book online, 2-hour limit
- Job search assistance: Thursdays 2–4 p.m.

  1. How long can a member keep a borrowed book?
    A. 1 week. B. 2 weeks. C. 3 weeks. D. 4 weeks.

  2. What is required for a child under 14 to get a library card?
    A. A school ID. B. A parent’s signature. C. A passport. D. A birth certificate.

  3. When can you get help with job searching at the library?
    A. Saturday morning. B. Thursday afternoon. C. Sunday evening. D. Monday morning.

答案：21-23 CBB

B

Every November, the small town of Saffron Walden in England transforms. Thousands of bulbs (鳞茎), planted the previous spring by volunteers, burst into bloom, carpeting parks, streets, and gardens in waves of purple, gold, and white. This is the Saffron Walden Saffron Festival, a celebration of the rare spice that gives the town its name.

Saffron, derived from the purple crocus (番红花), is the world’s most expensive spice by weight. It takes about 150,000 flowers to produce a single kilogram. The town’s medieval monks cultivated it as early as the 14th century, and by the Tudor period, Saffron Walden had grown wealthy on the trade.

The festival, revived in 2013 after a century-long gap, features cooking demonstrations, historical reenactments, and a market selling saffron-infused breads, cakes, and even ice cream. Visitors can also tour the surviving crocus fields on the town’s outskirts.

But the festival’s heart is its community spirit. Over 200 volunteers — from schoolchildren to retirees — spend months preparing. “It’s about more than a spice,” says organizer Helen Carter. “It’s about pride in our heritage and bringing people together.”

This year, Carter hopes to plant 50,000 new bulbs. “Each one is a tiny promise of color and joy for next autumn,” she smiles.

  1. What makes saffron so expensive?
    A. It is imported from far away.
    B. It requires a huge number of flowers for a small yield.
    C. It can only grow in Saffron Walden.
    D. It is protected by law.

  2. When did Saffron Walden first become rich from saffron trade?
    A. The 14th century. B. The Tudor period. C. 2013. D. Last November.

  3. What does Helen Carter value most about the festival?
    A. The profit from spice sales.
    B. The community spirit and heritage pride.
    C. The number of tourists.
    D. The cooking demonstrations.

  4. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?
    A. To advertise saffron products.
    B. To introduce the Saffron Walden Saffron Festival and its significance.
    C. To explain how saffron is grown.
    D. To compare English festivals.

答案：24-27 BBBB

C

In the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean, scientists have discovered something unexpected: sharks that glow in the dark. The chain catshark (猫鲨) and the swell shark (膨胀鲨) possess a rare ability called biofluorescence (生物荧光), meaning they absorb blue ocean light and re-emit it as a bright green glow.

Why would a shark need to glow? Marine biologist David Gruber, who led the research, believes it serves as a form of visual communication. In the deep sea, where little sunlight penetrates, blue light dominates. By glowing green, the sharks may recognize members of their own species, locate mates, or camouflage (伪装) themselves against the faintly lit background.

What astonishes scientists is the sophistication of the mechanism. The sharks’ skin contains special compounds that filter blue light and shift it to green — a process far more complex than the simple glowing of fireflies. Furthermore, the sharks have adapted vision that can detect green light, suggesting their glow is no accident but an evolved feature.

This discovery has implications beyond biology. Researchers are studying the sharks’ light-shifting compounds for potential medical applications, including tracking tumor cells in the human body. “Nature has spent millions of years perfecting solutions we’re only beginning to understand,” Gruber notes.

The finding also raises conservation concerns. Deep-sea sharks, already threatened by overfishing, play crucial roles in ocean ecosystems. Losing species we’ve barely begun to study would be, Gruber warns, “like burning a library before reading the books.”

  1. What is biofluorescence according to the passage?
    A. Producing light through chemical reactions.
    B. Absorbing light and re-emitting it as a different color.
    C. Reflecting light off the skin.
    D. Generating electricity in the body.

  2. Why do sharks likely glow green, according to Gruber?
    A. To scare away predators.
    B. To communicate and recognize their own species.
    C. To attract prey.
    D. To keep warm.

  3. What potential medical application is mentioned?
    A. Curing cancer directly.
    B. Tracking tumor cells in the human body.
    C. Improving human vision.
    D. Making human skin glow.

  4. What does Gruber mean by “burning a library before reading the books”?
    A. Libraries are being destroyed by overfishing.
    B. Losing unstudied species means losing unknown knowledge forever.
    C. Books about sharks are rare.
    D. Deep-sea creatures cannot be studied.

答案：28-31 BBBB

D

The debate over whether computers can truly “think” has raged since Alan Turing posed his famous question in 1950: Can machines think? Over seven decades later, artificial intelligence (人工智能) can write essays, compose music, diagnose diseases, and even hold conversations that fool humans. But does this constitute thinking, or merely sophisticated pattern-matching?

Philosopher John Searle addressed this with his “Chinese Room” thought experiment. Imagine a person in a room who doesn’t understand Chinese but follows a rulebook to manipulate Chinese symbols in response to incoming questions. To an outside observer, the room appears to understand Chinese — yet the person inside understands nothing. Searle argues that computers operate similarly: they process symbols by rules without genuine understanding.

Critics counter that understanding may emerge from the system as a whole, not from any single component — a response called the “systems reply.” Just as a single neuron (神经元) doesn’t “think” but a brain does, perhaps understanding arises from the complex interaction of computational parts.

Recent advances in large language models have sharpened the debate. These systems generate remarkably coherent text by predicting which words statistically follow others, trained on vast datasets. When they produce a insightful poem or a persuasive argument, is that creativity — or a reflection of human creativity already present in their training data?

The question matters practically, not just philosophically. If AI systems don’t truly understand what they produce, their outputs may contain subtle errors or biases invisible to users. Trusting them in high-stakes domains — medicine, law, justice — requires knowing whether we’re dealing with genuine reasoning or elegant imitation.

Perhaps the honest answer, for now, is that we don’t fully know what “thinking” even means — for machines or for ourselves. Turing’s question endures precisely because the mystery of mind remains one of science’s deepest frontiers.

  1. What is John Searle’s main argument in the “Chinese Room” experiment?
    A. Computers can genuinely understand Chinese.
    B. Computers process symbols by rules without true understanding.
    C. People in rooms cannot learn languages.
    D. Chinese is too complex for machines.

  2. What does the “systems reply” suggest?
    A. Understanding comes from no component of the system.
    B. Understanding may emerge from the interaction of the system’s parts as a whole.
    C. A single neuron can think like a brain.
    D. Computers will never understand anything.

  3. Why does the author say the question “matters practically”?
    A. Because it’s an interesting philosophical puzzle.
    B. Because trusting AI in high-stakes domains requires knowing if it truly reasons.
    C. Because Turing’s question is famous.
    D. Because language models are expensive to build.

  4. What is the author’s overall stance on whether machines can think?
    A. Definitively yes.
    B. Definitively no.
    C. The answer remains uncertain and the mystery of mind is unresolved.
    D. The question is irrelevant.

答案：32-35 BBBC

第二节 七选五（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）

How to Cope with Exam Anxiety

Exam anxiety is common, but it doesn’t have to defeat you. 36 Here are proven strategies.

Prepare thoroughly. Anxiety often stems from feeling unprepared. 37 A well-structured review plan builds confidence and reduces last-minute panic.

Practice relaxation techniques. When anxiety hits, your body enters “fight or flight” mode. 38 These activate the body’s natural calming response and lower your heart rate.

Reframe negative thoughts. Instead of “I’m going to fail,” tell yourself “I’ve prepared as well as I can.” 39 Your inner dialogue shapes your emotional state.

Focus on the process, not the outcome. You can’t control the exam difficulty or the results. 40 This shift in focus reduces pressure and improves performance.

A. Deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation can help.
B. But you can control your effort and preparation.
C. A realistic study schedule spread over weeks is far better than cramming.
D. Catastrophic thinking only amplifies anxiety.
E. The key is to manage it rather than eliminate it entirely.
F. Anxiety always improves exam performance.
G. Avoid all studying before exams to stay calm.

答案：36-40 ECADB

第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）

第一节 完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

My grandmother had a saying: “The darkest hour has only sixty minutes.” I didn’t understand it 41 I faced my own darkness.

At 22, I moved to a new city 42 a job that fell through within a month. 43 savings and few friends, I 44 in a tiny apartment, wondering if I’d made the biggest mistake of my life. Each morning I 45 job applications; each evening brought silence.

One particularly 46 night, my phone rang. It was Grandma. “I’ve been 47 about you,” she said softly. She didn’t offer 48 ; instead, she told me about her own youth — how she’d arrived in this country with nothing, worked as a 49 , and slowly built a life. “The key,” she said, “is to 50 one small thing each day. Even if it’s just making your bed.”

Her words 51 simple, but they shifted my perspective. The next morning, I made my bed. Then I 52 a walk. Then I revised my resume. Small steps, but each one carried me 53 .

Three months later, I landed a job — not the dream job, but a 54 . Looking back, I realize Grandma was right. The darkness didn’t last forever; it just felt like it would. The darkest hour, 55 , truly has only sixty minutes.

  1. A. when B. until C. after D. since
  2. A. for B. with C. about D. against
  3. A. With B. Without C. Despite D. Besides
  4. A. hid B. worked C. sat D. played
  5. A. sent out B. gave up C. tore up D. put away
  6. A. bright B. lonely C. warm D. noisy
  7. A. thinking B. worrying C. hearing D. dreaming
  8. A. money B. advice C. food D. help
  9. A. teacher B. cook C. cleaner D. driver
  10. A. finish B. start C. accomplish D. remember
  11. A. sounded B. looked C. felt D. seemed
  12. A. gave B. made C. took D. had
  13. A. backward B. nowhere C. forward D. away
  14. A. start B. end C. mistake D. failure
  15. A. at last B. after all C. at first D. above all

答案：41-55 BABCA ABBCA DCCAB
解析：
41. B until（not…until直到…才，固定句型）
42. A for a job（为了工作去新城市）
43. A With（with复合结构，表伴随”带着少量积蓄”）
44. C sat（独自坐在小公寓，孤独无助）
45. A sent out（发出求职申请）
46. B lonely（lonely night孤独的夜晚）
47. B worrying（奶奶一直在担心我）
48. B advice（未提供建议，而是讲自己故事）
49. C cleaner（初来乍到只能做清洁工）
50. C accomplish（每天完成一件小事）
51. A sounded（她的话听起来简单）
52. C took a walk（去散步，take a walk固定搭配）
53. C forward（每一步带我前进）
54. A a start（一个开始，非梦想工作但是起点）
55. B after all（毕竟，总结升华）

第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The lantern festival, 56 (celebrate) on the 15th day of the first lunar month, marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations. It 57 (date) back over 2,000 years to the Han Dynasty.

On this night, streets and homes 58 (decorate) with colourful lanterns of all shapes and sizes. Children carry paper lanterns and solve riddles 59 (attach) to them — a tradition 60 combines fun with wisdom.

The festival’s signature food is tangyuan, sweet glutinous rice balls 61 (symbolize) family unity and completeness. 62 (eat) together, families express hopes for 63 harmony and happiness in the year ahead.

64 (tradition), the Lantern Festival was also a rare occasion when young people could go out at night to meet potential partners, which is 65 it is sometimes called the “Chinese Valentine’s Day.”

答案：56. celebrated 57. dates 58. are decorated 59. attached 60. that/which 61. symbolizing 62. Eating 63. harmony 64. Traditionally 65. why

第四部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）

第一节 应用文写作（满分15分）

假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Chris来信询问你的未来职业规划。请给他写一封回信，内容包括：
1. 感谢关心；
2. 介绍你的职业规划及原因；
3. 询问对方的打算。

注意：词数80左右。

【范文】

Dear Chris,

Thank you so much for your letter and your interest in my future plans.

After careful consideration, I have decided to pursue a career in environmental science. Ever since I participated in a school project on water pollution, I have been fascinated by the urgent need to protect our planet. I plan to study environmental engineering at university, which I believe will equip me with the knowledge to develop sustainable solutions. Besides, this career aligns perfectly with my desire to make a tangible difference.

How about you? I’m genuinely curious about your aspirations. Do drop me a line when you have a moment.

Yours,
Li Hua

第二节 读后续写（满分25分）

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

It was the final round of the school spelling bee (拼字比赛). Ten-year-old Aisha stood at the microphone, her palms sweating. She had studied word lists for weeks, sacrificing playtime and sleep. Now only she and a boy named Derek remained.

“The word,” announced the judge, “is ‘resilience’.”

Aisha’s mind went blank. She knew this word — she had written it a dozen times. But under the stage lights, with hundreds of eyes upon her, the letters scattered like leaves in the wind. She opened her mouth, but no sound came.

Derek, standing beside her, gave her a small, encouraging nod. They had practiced together every afternoon, quizzing each other, celebrating each other’s progress. This wasn’t just a competition to him — it was a shared journey.

Aisha took a shaky breath. Her grandmother’s voice echoed in her memory: “Resilience means rising every time you fall.”

Paragraph 1:

Slowly, the letters began to return to her, one by one, like birds coming home to roost. ___

Paragraph 2:

When the judge declared her the winner, Aisha didn't celebrate alone. ___

【范文】

Paragraph 1:

Slowly, the letters began to return to her, one by one, like birds coming home to roost. She closed her eyes, picturing the word on the page where she had written it so many times. “R-E-S-I-L-I-E-N-C-E,” she spelled, her voice growing steadier with each letter. The auditorium fell silent. Then the judge smiled and nodded. “Correct.” A roar of applause erupted, and Aisha felt her knees buckle with relief. She glanced at Derek, who was grinning broadly, clapping the loudest. It struck her then that this moment belonged as much to him as to her — without his patient quizzing and steady encouragement, she might never have reached this stage at all.

Paragraph 2:

When the judge declared her the winner, Aisha didn't celebrate alone. She wove through the crowd to where Derek stood, pulled him toward the stage, and raised his hand alongside hers. “We won together,” she told the audience, her voice trembling but clear. Derek’s eyes glistened. In that instant, Aisha understood what her grandmother had truly meant by resilience — it wasn’t just about rising after you fall, but about lifting others as you rise. The trophy she held that night was made of more than metal; it was forged from weeks of shared effort, quiet kindness, and the unbreakable bond between two young friends who had chosen each other over mere victory.

模拟卷一 参考答案速查

题号 答案 题号 答案 题号 答案
1-5 CBABC 21-23 CBB 41-55 BABCA ABBCA DCCAB
6-10 BACBC 24-27 BBBB 56-65 celebrated, dates, are decorated, attached, that/which, symbolizing, Eating, harmony, Traditionally, why
11-15 ABACA 28-31 BBBB
16-20 BCACB 32-35 BBBC
36-40 ECADB

模拟卷二

第一部分 听力（题型同模拟卷一，参考答案：1-5 ACBCA 6-10 BABCB 11-15 ACABC 16-20 BCCBA。实际配套音频。）

第二部分 阅读

A

Summer Programs at Riverside Camp

Program A: Junior Explorers (ages 8-11)
- Dates: July 1-15
- Activities: nature hikes, canoeing, campfire stories, simple science experiments
- Price: $450 (early bird: $400 before May 1)
- Includes all meals and accommodation

Program B: Teen Adventure (ages 12-15)
- Dates: July 20 - August 3
- Activities: rock climbing, overnight camping, leadership workshops, river rafting
- Price: $650 (early bird: $580 before May 1)
- Basic swimming ability required

Program C: Family Weekend
- Dates: August 10-12
- Activities: family games, outdoor cooking, stargazing, talent show
- Price: $200 per family (up to 4 members)
- Cabins provided; bring your own bedding

General Information
- All programs led by certified instructors
- Scholarships available — apply by April 15
- Transportation from the city center: $30 round trip

  1. How much would a 13-year-old pay if registering on March 15 for Teen Adventure?
    A. $450. B. $580. C. $650. D. $730.

  2. What is required for Program B?
    A. Bedding. B. Basic swimming ability. C. A parent’s company. D. A scholarship.

  3. What is the maximum number of family members covered by the Family Weekend price?
    A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

答案：21-23 BBC

B

When Dr. Elena Vasquez first stepped into the rainforest of Costa Rica in 1998, she was a young biologist searching for a rare species of tree frog. What she found instead would define her career: a frog with a deformity (畸形) — three legs instead of four.

At first, she thought it was an isolated case. But over the following months, she and her team documented hundreds of deformed frogs across multiple sites. The pattern was alarming. Something in the environment was disrupting the frogs’ development.

The culprit (罪魁祸首), researchers eventually concluded, was a combination of agricultural pesticides running off into wetlands and a parasitic infection that thrived in polluted water. The deformities were nature’s warning signal, a canary in the coal mine (危险预兆) for ecosystem health.

Dr. Vasquez’s findings sparked international attention. Governments tightened pesticide regulations; conservation programs were launched. But she remained unsatisfied. “We’re treating symptoms, not causes,” she argued. The deeper issue, she believed, was humanity’s relationship with nature — the assumption that we can poison ecosystems and somehow remain unaffected.

Today, Dr. Vasquez runs a research station in the same forest where she made her discovery. She mentors young scientists, many from developing countries, who come to study not just frogs but the intricate web of life they represent. “Every frog tells a story,” she says. “Our job is to listen — before it’s too late.”

  1. What did Dr. Vasquez originally go to Costa Rica to find?
    A. Deformed frogs. B. A rare tree frog species. C. Pesticides. D. A research station.

  2. What caused the frog deformities, according to the research?
    A. Climate change alone.
    B. A combination of agricultural pesticides and a parasitic infection.
    C. Natural genetic mutations.
    D. Overpopulation of frogs.

  3. What does Dr. Vasquez believe is the deeper issue?
    A. Lack of pesticide regulations.
    B. Humanity’s assumption that we can harm ecosystems without consequences.
    C. The rarity of tree frogs.
    D. Insufficient funding for research.

  4. What does Dr. Vasquez mean by “Every frog tells a story”?
    A. Frogs can speak to humans.
    B. Frogs are indicators of environmental health and carry important messages.
    C. Frogs are good for storytelling.
    D. Frogs are dangerous.

答案：24-27 BBBB

C

In an age of instant messaging and emoji-filled texts, the art of letter writing seems hopelessly outdated. Yet a quiet movement is working to revive it. Across the world, “letter writing clubs” are springing up — gatherings where strangers sit together, pen in hand, and write letters to people they may never meet.

The appeal, participants say, lies in the slowness. A text message is fired off in seconds; a letter demands thought, care, and time. Choosing the right words, feeling the pen move across paper, sealing the envelope — each step is an act of attention increasingly rare in our rushed lives.

Psychologists note that letter writing engages the brain differently than typing. Handwriting activates motor pathways linked to memory and emotion, which may explain why receiving a handwritten letter feels so much more meaningful than a digital message. Studies show that people who write letters of gratitude report greater happiness — and so do the recipients.

The clubs also build community. At a London letter-writing café, retirees write to lonely seniors; students write to soldiers overseas; survivors of illness write to those newly diagnosed. Each letter is a bridge across distance and isolation.

Critics argue that letters are slow and inefficient. But enthusiasts counter that slowness is precisely the point. In a world that prizes speed above all, choosing to slow down and connect deeply is a quiet act of rebellion — and of hope.

  1. What is the main reason participants are drawn to letter writing?
    A. It is faster than texting.
    B. It demands thought, care, and time, offering a slower, deeper connection.
    C. It is cheaper than phone calls.
    D. It is required by their schools.

  2. What does the passage say about handwriting compared to typing?
    A. Handwriting is less emotional.
    B. Handwriting activates motor pathways linked to memory and emotion.
    C. Typing is better for memory.
    D. There is no difference.

  3. What is an example of community building through letter writing?
    A. Writing to celebrities.
    B. Retirees writing to lonely seniors and students to soldiers overseas.
    C. Writing to complain about service.
    D. Writing business contracts.

  4. What is the author’s tone toward the letter writing movement?
    A. Critical and dismissive
    B. Supportive and appreciative
    C. Indifferent
    D. Sarcastic

答案：28-31 BBBB

D

The concept of “flow,” introduced by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, describes a state of complete absorption in an activity — when time seems to vanish, self-consciousness fades, and the challenge perfectly matches one’s skills. Athletes call it “being in the zone”; musicians, “the groove”; writers, “the muse.”

Flow doesn’t happen randomly. Csikszentmihalyi identified several conditions: the task must have clear goals, immediate feedback, and a balance between difficulty and ability — too easy, and we’re bored; too hard, and we’re anxious. When these align, attention narrows, distractions dissolve, and a deep sense of satisfaction emerges.

Research links flow to numerous benefits. Students who experience flow while studying learn faster and retain more. Workers in flow states report higher job satisfaction and creativity. Even brief flow experiences — during a hobby, a workout, a conversation — can boost mood for hours afterward.

Yet achieving flow has grown harder. Smartphones fracture attention into ever-shorter fragments, and the constant pull of notifications makes deep focus feel like a luxury. Some experts warn that our capacity for sustained attention is eroding, threatening not just productivity but well-being.

The solution isn’t to abandon technology but to design “flow-friendly” environments: setting aside uninterrupted time, removing digital distractions, and choosing tasks that genuinely engage us. Flow, Csikszentmihalyi argued, isn’t about relaxation — it’s about full engagement. “The best moments in our lives,” he wrote, “are not the passive, receptive times. They occur when a person’s body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.”

  1. According to the passage, what is “flow”?
    A. A state of complete relaxation and inactivity.
    B. A state of complete absorption in an activity with balanced challenge and skill.
    C. A type of meditation.
    D. A physical condition caused by exercise.

  2. Which condition is NOT required for flow to occur?
    A. Clear goals.
    B. Immediate feedback.
    C. A balance between difficulty and ability.
    D. Complete relaxation and no effort.

  3. What makes achieving flow harder today?
    A. People have less skill than before.
    B. Smartphones fracture attention and constant notifications disrupt focus.
    C. Tasks have become too difficult.
    D. People no longer have clear goals.

  4. What does Csikszentmihalyi believe about the best moments in life?
    A. They are passive and receptive.
    B. They occur when body or mind is stretched to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
    C. They happen during sleep.
    D. They require no effort.

答案：32-35 BDBB

第二节 七选五

The Power of Saying No

Many people struggle to say “no,” fearing they’ll disappoint others or miss opportunities. 36 Here’s why and how to master this essential skill.

Saying no protects your priorities. Every yes is a no to something else — your rest, your goals, your relationships. 37 Without boundaries, you spread yourself too thin.

Saying no earns respect. Contrary to what many fear, people respect those who can decline politely. 38 Constant yes-sayers are often perceived as pushovers (软弱的人).

How to say no gracefully. Be direct but kind. 39 “Thank you for thinking of me, but I can’t take this on right now.” Avoid over-explaining or apologizing excessively.

Practice makes progress. Start with small refusals — declining a minor request or a social event you’d rather skip. 40 In time, saying no becomes a natural, guilt-free habit.

A. It shows you value your time and commitments.
B. But saying yes to everything comes at a cost.
C. “No” is a complete sentence.
D. With each small no, your confidence grows.
E. Yet never being able to decline leads to burnout and resentment.
F. You should always say yes to be liked.
G. Being unable to say no has no negative consequences.

答案：36-40 EBACD（36.E 37.B 38.A 39.C 40.D）

第三部分 语言运用

第一节 完形填空

The old bridge at the edge of town had been closed for years. Rusty “Danger” signs 41 travelers away, and ivy had slowly swallowed its railings. Most people had 42 it.

But not Elias. Every afternoon, the retired carpenter would walk to the bridge, sit on a nearby bench, and 43 it as if it held memories only he could see. The bridge had been built by his 44 , who had poured his heart into every plank (木板). When a flood damaged it, the town chose to build a new one 45 .

One spring, Elias decided to 46 the old bridge himself. Neighbors thought he was 47 . “It’s too far gone,” they said. But Elias bought wood, borrowed tools, and 48 to work. Day after day, passersby saw him 49 away — sanding, hammering, replacing. He 50 before dawn and quit after dark.

At first, people 51 . Then a young couple stopped to help. Then a scout troop. Then an engineer 52 advice. What began as one man’s stubborn 53 became a community project. Over six months, the bridge was 54 restored — stronger, they said, than before.

At the reopening, the mayor thanked Elias. But Elias shook his head. “I didn’t 55 the bridge,” he said quietly. “I just started hammering. The community rebuilt it.”

  1. A. drove B. warned C. frightened D. kept
  2. A. repaired B. forgotten C. visited D. painted
  3. A. stare at B. pass by C. lean on D. climb over
  4. A. father B. teacher C. neighbor D. mayor
  5. A. anyway B. instead C. too D. first
  6. A. destroy B. sell C. restore D. paint
  7. A. clever B. crazy C. brave D. rich
  8. A. got B. set C. went D. came
  9. A. hammering B. talking C. sitting D. sleeping
  10. A. rested B. started C. arrived D. returned
  11. A. helped B. laughed C. watched D. left
  12. A. ignored B. refused C. offered D. accepted
  13. A. dream B. mistake C. plan D. promise
  14. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. fully D. barely
  15. A. build B. save C. cross D. find

答案：41-55 DBAAB CBACB CCCBA
解析：
41. B warned（警告标志warn away）
42. B forgotten（大多数人已遗忘它）
43. A stare at（凝视，仿佛它承载着记忆）
44. A father（父亲建造的）
45. B instead（镇上选择建新桥代替）
46. C restore（修复旧桥）
47. B crazy（邻居觉得他疯了）
48. B set to work（开始工作，固定搭配）
49. A hammering（敲打修桥）
50. B started before dawn（天亮前就开始）
51. C watched（起初人们只是旁观）
52. C offered advice（工程师主动提供帮助）
53. A stubborn dream（一人固执的梦想）
54. C fully restored（完全修复）
55. B save（我没有拯救这座桥，是社区重建了它）

第二节 语法填空

Kite flying, 56 (believe) to have originated in China over 2,000 years ago, was initially used for military 57 (purpose) . During the Tang Dynasty, paper kites replaced 58 (early) silk versions, making the activity accessible to common people.

By the Ming Dynasty, kite flying 59 (become) a popular spring pastime. Artisans crafted kites in the shapes of dragons, butterflies, and birds, 60 (decorate) them with vivid paintings. Some kites 61 (equip) with bamboo whistles that produced musical sounds in the wind.

Today, the Weifang International Kite Festival, 62 (hold) annually in Shandong Province, attracts enthusiasts from over 40 countries. The festival celebrates not only the joy of flying 63 the cultural heritage behind it.

Kite flying teaches us patience and 64 (persevere) — controlling a kite against the wind requires both skill and calm. Perhaps that is 65 this ancient tradition continues to capture imaginations worldwide.

答案：56. believed 57. purposes 58. earlier 59. had become 60. decorating 61. were equipped 62. held 63. but 64. perseverance 65. why

第四部分 写作

第一节 应用文写作

假定你是李华，学校英语社团将举办”中国传统文化展”（Chinese Traditional Culture Exhibition），请你给外教Ms. Brown写一封邀请信。内容包括：
1. 活动时间、地点；
2. 活动内容（书法、剪纸、茶艺等）；
3. 邀请她参加并致辞。

注意：词数80左右。

【范文】

Dear Ms. Brown,

I am writing on behalf of the English Club to cordially invite you to our Chinese Traditional Culture Exhibition, to be held in the school hall at 2 p.m. next Wednesday.

The exhibition will feature a rich variety of activities, including calligraphy demonstrations, paper-cutting workshops, and a tea art performance. Students will also display handmade crafts and traditional costumes. Given your deep interest in Chinese culture and your eloquence, we would be honored if you could deliver a short opening speech to share your perspective.

Your presence would undoubtedly make the event more meaningful. We sincerely hope you can join us.

Yours sincerely,
Li Hua

第二节 读后续写

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段。

The old lighthouse stood on the cliff like a forgotten sentinel (哨兵). Sixty-year-old Thomas had been its keeper for forty years — the last keeper, in fact. Automated systems had made his job obsolete (过时的), and tomorrow the lighthouse would be decommissioned (退役) and converted into a museum.

That final night, Thomas climbed the spiral staircase one last time, his joints aching but his heart heavier. He polished the great lens, checked the light mechanism, and gazed out at the sea he had watched every night for four decades. Ships had come and gone; storms had raged and calmed; but the light had always burned, and so had his duty.

Near midnight, a fierce storm rolled in without warning. Rain lashed the windows; wind howled through the cracks. Then the power failed — and with it, the automated backup that was supposed to take over.

In the darkness, Thomas heard a faint horn in the distance. A ship, lost in the storm, was heading toward the rocks.

Paragraph 1:

Thomas didn't hesitate. Despite his aching body, he climbed back up the stairs with renewed urgency. ___

Paragraph 2:

When dawn finally broke, the storm had passed, and the ship was safe in the harbor. ___

【范文】

Paragraph 1:

Thomas didn't hesitate. Despite his aching body, he climbed back up the stairs with renewed urgency. His hands, gnarled with age, found the old manual lamp he had kept for emergencies — the very mechanism he had operated for decades before automation. With practiced movements, he lit the oil, adjusted the lens, and rotated the beam by hand, crank (摇柄) by crank, his muscles screaming in protest. Every few minutes he paused to listen for the ship’s horn, guiding the light toward the sound. Sweat soaked his shirt though the night was cold; his breath came in ragged gasps. But he did not stop. Somewhere out there, lives depended on a light that no machine would provide tonight — only the stubborn devotion of an old man who refused to let the darkness win.

Paragraph 2:

When dawn finally broke, the storm had passed, and the ship was safe in the harbor. Its captain later told reporters that a single beam of light had pierced the chaos and led them to safety. When asked about the lighthouse’s automated system, he said, “It wasn’t the machine that saved us. It was a man.” Thomas, standing quietly by the lens he had polished one last time, felt no need for praise. He understood now that a lighthouse was never truly about bricks and light — it was about the human commitment to stand watch, no matter the cost. As the museum staff arrived to begin renovations, Thomas ran his hand along the old railing one final time and whispered, “The light will go on.” Perhaps, he thought, it always would — not in the lens, but in every heart that chooses duty over comfort, others over self.

模拟卷二 参考答案速查

题号 答案 题号 答案 题号 答案
1-5 ACBCA 21-23 BBC 41-55 DBAAB CBACB CCCBA
6-10 BABCB 24-27 BBBB 56-65 believed, purposes, earlier, had become, decorating, were equipped, held, but, perseverance, why
11-15 ACABC 28-31 BBBB
16-20 BCCBA 32-35 BDBB
36-40 EBACD

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