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高中英语 · 高三上册学习手册（选择性必修第二册）¶

本手册依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》及高考英语考查要求编写，基于人教版新课标（2019版）选择性必修第二册（Book 5），涵盖5个单元全部内容。高三上学期处于新课学习与高考一轮复习并行阶段，本手册系统梳理核心知识，紧密对接高考考点。

一、考纲要求与学习目标¶

总体要求¶

根据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》，高中英语学科核心素养包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力四个维度。选择性必修阶段（Book 5）对应课标选择性必修要求，学生应达到课标七级目标。高三上学期承上启下，既要完成选择性必修教材的新课学习，又要同步启动高考一轮系统复习，实现新旧知识整合。

核心素养目标¶

1. 语言能力¶

• 掌握本册书约350个新增核心词汇及120个重点短语，能在语境中正确运用
• 熟练运用过去完成时、过去完成进行时、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的多种句法功能
• 掌握虚拟语气在条件句、wish、as if/as though及表示建议要求类动词后的用法
• 理解并运用倒装句（部分倒装与完全倒装）实现语用强调
• 能读懂涉及科学、跨文化、海洋、旅行、急救等话题的文章，理解文章主旨、细节和作者意图
• 能写出120-150词的应用文和150-200词的读后续写，结构清晰、语言准确

2. 文化意识¶

• 了解中外科学家（如John Snow、弗莱明等）的科学精神和科学方法
• 理解跨文化交流中的文化差异、文化休克现象及应对策略
• 了解海洋探索的历史意义、现实价值及生态保护的重要性
• 感受加拿大等国家的地理人文特色，培养国际视野
• 掌握基本急救知识，培养社会责任意识

3. 思维品质¶

• 能分析科学发现的逻辑过程（如John Snow的霍乱溯源调查体现的归纳推理思维）
• 能对比中外文化差异，进行批判性思考
• 能从多角度分析海洋探索的利弊
• 能运用因果分析、对比分析等思维策略解决阅读和写作中的问题

4. 学习能力¶

• 建立词汇网络，运用词根词缀法、联想记忆法系统记忆词汇
• 自主整理语法笔记，构建语法知识体系
• 运用 skimming、scanning、inferencing 等阅读策略
• 进行限时训练，提升应试能力

高三上学期学习策略¶

高三上学期是一轮复习的关键期，建议遵循以下原则：

1. 双线并行：新课学习要高效、抓重点；同时按语法专题、词汇板块开始系统梳理
2. 词汇为基：每天坚持背诵和复习词汇，建立词汇笔记本，标注一词多义和搭配
3. 语法为纲：以专题形式系统复习语法，每个专题后配合专项练习
4. 阅读为王：每天至少1篇精读+1篇泛读，培养语感和做题速度
5. 写作为重：每周至少1篇应用文+1篇读后续写，背诵范文和高分句型
6. 真题为本：以高考真题为主要训练材料，研究命题规律和答题技巧

二、必会单词¶

Unit 1: Science and Scientists（科学与科学家）¶

一词多义补充：
- defeat: ①击败（vt.）②失败（n.）a narrow defeat（险败）
- suspect: ①怀疑（vt.）②嫌疑犯（n.）③可疑的（adj.）读 /ˈsʌspekt/
- blame: ①责备（vt.）②责任（n.）The blame lies with…（责任在于……）
- cast: ①投/扔（vt.）②投射（vt.）cast light on（阐明）③演员阵容

词族拓展：
- infect → infection (n.) → infectious (adj.) → infectiously (adv.)
- theor → theory (n.) → theoretical (adj.) → theoretically (adv.)
- conclude → conclusion (n.) → conclusive (adj.) → inconclusive (adj.)

Unit 2: Bridging Cultures（跨文化交流）¶

一词多义补充：
- engage: ①参与 ②吸引（注意/兴趣）③雇佣 → engage sb’s attention
- handle→在本单元涉及处理文化差异：handle cultural differences
- perspective: ①视角 ②透视画法 → put…into perspective
- recall: ①回忆起 ②召回（产品）③撤销

词族拓展：
- comfort → comfortable (adj.) → comfortably (adv.) → comforting (adj. 令人安慰的)
- qualify → qualification (n.) → qualified (adj.) → unqualified (adj. 不合格的)
- adapt → adaptation (n.) → adaptable (adj.) → adaptability (n.)

Unit 3: Sea Exploration（海洋探索）¶

一词多义补充：
- current: ①洋流/水流（n.）②电流（n.）③当前的（adj.）→ current affairs (时事)
- route: ①路线/航线（n.）②按不同路线发送（vt.）→ route through
- anchor: ①锚（n.）②抛锚停泊（v.）③固定（v.）→ anchor sth. to sth.
- pole: ①地极（n.）②杆/柱（n.）→ poles apart (截然相反)

词族拓展：
- migrate → migration (n.) → migrant (n.) → immigrate (v. 移入) → emigrate (v. 移出)
- explore → exploration (n.) → explorer (n.) → exploratory (adj.)
- pollute → pollution (n.) → pollutant (n. 污染物)

Unit 4: Journey Across a Vast Land（广袤大地之旅）¶

一词多义补充：
- plain: ①平原（n.）②朴素的/简单的（adj.）③清楚的（adj.）→ plain English
- bound: ①一定的（adj.）be bound to ②受约束的（adj.） ③界限（n.）know no bounds
- range: ①山脉（n.）②范围（n.）③系列（n.）④变化/浮动（v.）range from…to
- capture: ①捕捉（vt.）②拍摄（vt.）③俘虏（vt.）④准确表达

词族拓展：
- impress → impression (n.) → impressive (adj.) → impressively (adv.)
- settle → settlement (n.) → settler (n.) → unsettled (adj.)
- spectacle → spectacular (adj.) → spectacularly (adv.)

Unit 5: First Aid（急救）¶

一词多义补充：
- wound: ①伤口（n.）②使受伤（vt.）注意 wind-wound-wound 读音/waʊnd/
- mild: ①轻微的（adj.）②温和的（adj.）→ mild weather
- treat: ①治疗（vt.）②对待（vt.）③招待/请客（vt.）→ treat sb to sth
- calm: ①冷静的（adj.）②使平静（vt.）③平静下来（vi.）

词族拓展：
- injure → injury (n.) → injured (adj. 受伤的) → the injured (伤员)
- poison → poisonous (adj.) → poisonously (adv.)
- conscious → consciousness (n.) → unconscious (adj.) → subconscious (adj.)

三、必会短语与句子¶

Unit 1: Science and Scientists¶

重点短语¶

必会句型/重点句子¶

1. It seemed that the woman liked the water so much that she had it delivered from the pump to her house every day. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It seems/seemed that...（看起来……）+ so...that...（如此……以至于……）+ have sth. done（使某事被做——过去分词作宾补）
   - 用法: have sth. done 中 done为过去分词作宾语补足语，表”让别人做某事”或”遭遇某事”
   - 高考真题例句: The boy had his bike repaired by his father yesterday.

2. Accordingly, it had Snow's attention, and he began to look into the matter.
   - 句型: look into（调查）
   - 用法: 表动作的延续性

3. Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. ★高考核心
   - 句型: suspect that...（怀疑/认为……）
   - 用法: that引导宾语从句；but表转折

4. He was determined to find out why.
   - 句型: be determined to do sth.（决心做某事）
   - 用法: determined作形容词

5. Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. ★高考核心（长难句）
   - 句法分析: marking后接双宾——on a map是状语，the exact places是宾语；where引导定语从句修饰places；who died修饰those

6. Meanwhile, Snow also began to look into another outbreak.
   - 句型: look into（调查）+ begin to do（开始做）
   - 用法: meanwhile表”与此同时”，作连接副词

7. With his efforts, Snow was able to announce with certainty that the pump water carried the germs. ★高考核心
   - 句型: with his efforts（介词短语作原因状语）；announce with certainty that...（确定地宣布……）
   - 用法: that引导宾语从句

8. What is more, in another part of London, the disease had struck over 500 people in ten days.
   - 句型: What is more（递进副词，”更有甚者”）
   - 用法: strike-struck-struck 过去式

9. It has been proved that the scientist's work has saved numerous lives. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It has been proved that...（形式主语it + 被动结构 + that从句为真正主语）
   - 高考高频句型: 同类 It is said/believed/reported that...

10. Through his serious scientific work, John Snow provided evidence that proved the theory of how diseases are spread. ★高考核心

    • 句型: that引导同位语从句修饰evidence；how引导宾语从句作of的宾语
    • 句法: 长难句，多层从句嵌套

11. Had Snow been wrong, the consequences would have been terrible. ★高考核心

    • 句型: 虚拟条件句的省略倒装（= If Snow had been wrong）
    • 用法: 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气；省略if后had提前

12. To our astonishment, the results were exactly the same as what we had expected.

    • 句型: To one's astonishment（令某人惊讶的是）

Unit 2: Bridging Cultures¶

重点短语¶

必会句型/重点句子¶

1. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that her friends were patient and did everything to help her. ★高考核心（长难句）
   - 句法分析: what she should say 为同位语从句作idea的同位语；what surprised her 为主语从句；that her friends were patient 为表语从句

2. Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host family, who can help with her adaptation to the new culture. ★高考核心
   - 句型: Although引导让步状语从句；who引导非限制性定语从句修饰host family
   - 用法: accommodate (v.) → accommodation (n.)

3. Xie Lei made up her mind to step out of her comfort zone and face the challenge.
   - 句型: make up one's mind to do = be determined to do
   - 用法: face the challenge (面对挑战)

4. Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements, which differ a great deal from those of her home country. ★高考核心
   - 句法: which 非限制性定语从句修饰requirements

5. It is the first time that she has ever left her motherland. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It is the first time that...(现在完成时）/ It was the first time that...(过去完成时)
   - 高考真题题型

6. As part of her exchange program, Xie Lei chose to take part in a project whose aim was to learn about traditional Chinese art.
   - 句型: whose 引导定语从句

7. She not only improved her English, but also gained a deeper understanding of her own culture. ★高考核心
   - 句型: not only...but also... (不仅……而且……)

8. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (Proverb) ★高考核心
   - 句型: When in Rome, do as the Romans do 入乡随俗；as引导方式状语从句

9. It occurred to her that maybe she should adopt a more flexible approach to her study. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It occurred to sb. that...= “某人突然想到……”
   - 用法: that引导主语从句，it为形式主语

10. Whatever the challenge was, she kept an open mind and kept pushing forward.

    • 句型: Whatever引导让步状语从句

11. Only by communicating with locals can one truly understand the culture. ★高考核心

    • 句型: Only + 状语 + 部分倒装

12. However hard she tried, there were still moments she felt overwhelmed by the situation.

    • 句型: However + adj. + S + V（让步状语从句）

Unit 3: Sea Exploration¶

重点短语¶

必会句型/重点句子¶

1. It was not until 1433 that the seventh and last of Zheng He's voyages took place. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It is/was not until...that...（强调句型——“直到……才”）
   - 用法: 强调until短语

2. Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from Liujia Harbor and, over a period of 28 years, made seven epic voyages. ★高考核心（长难句）
   - 句法: 介词短语作状语破句；过去分词短语作定语或状语

3. The seven voyages not only demonstrated the might of the Ming Dynasty, but also promoted cultural exchange and trade between China and other countries. ★高考核心
   - 句型: not only...but also... 连接两个并列谓语

4. What is even more remarkable is that Zheng He's voyages took place about half a century before those of Columbus. ★高考核心
   - 句法: 第一层’what’主语从句 + ‘that’表语从句；’before’作连词

5. It is said that the fleet consisted of over 300 ships and 27,000 men. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It is said that...（据说……）——被动报告结构

6. The oceans, which cover more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface, are the last unexplored frontier on our planet. ★高考核心
   - 句法: 非限制性定语从句

7. Only when we truly understand the ocean can we effectively protect it. ★高考核心
   - 句型: Only + 状语从句 + 部分倒装

8. Despite the challenges, scientists are determined to explore the depths of the ocean.
   - 句型: Despite + 名词让步；be determined to do

9. The deeper we go, the darker and colder it becomes. ★高考核心
   - 句型: the + 比较级 + S + V, the + 比较级 + S + V（越……越……）

10. Much remains to be discovered, and much remains to be protected.

    • 句型: remain to be done（有待被做）——不定式被动式

11. Were it not for our exploration of the sea, we would know far less about our planet. ★高考核心

    • 句型: 虚拟语气省略if的倒装（= If it were not for…）

12. However expensive the equipment may be, the value of the discoveries exceeds the cost.

    • 句型: However + adj. + S + may be让步状语从句

Unit 4: Journey Across a Vast Land¶

重点短语¶

必会句型/重点句子¶

1. Rather than travel by aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train. ★高考核心
   - 句型: Rather than do A, S + decided to do B（与其做A，不如做B）
   - 用法: rather than置于句首时后接动词原形

2. Before starting out, they spent a couple of days in Vancouver, seeing the sights, and then took the train across Canada to the east coast. ★高考核心
   - 句法: Before doing时间状语；seeing the sights作伴随状语

3. The next morning, the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise, passing through the Canadian Rockies. ★高考核心
   - 句法: 现在分词passing through作伴随/方式状语

4. Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. ★高考核心
   - 句法: 过去分词seen作状语，表被动

5. Looking at the beautiful scenery, they both agreed that it was the most awesome journey they had ever taken. ★高考核心
   - 句法: Looking at现在分词作状语；that引导宾语从句；they had ever taken省略了that的定语从句

6. The vast landscape was dotted with farms and covered with golden wheat fields.
   - 句型: be dotted with（点缀着）；并列被动结构

7. It was not until they reached Quebec that they realized how French it was. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It is/was not until...that...（强调句型——直到……才）

8. What impressed them most was the friendliness of the people and the spectacular beauty of the landscape. ★高考核心
   - 句法: What impressed them most 主语从句；was系动词；后面表语

9. They were amazed to find that Canada was so vast and diverse.
   - 句型: be amazed to do / find that...（惊奇地发现）

10. No matter how far they traveled, there always seemed to be more to see. ★高考核心

    • 句型: No matter how + adj./adv. + S + V 让步状语从句

11. Standing on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, they felt that they had fulfilled a lifelong dream. ★高考核心

    • 句法: 现在分词作状语

12. The journey across Canada was anything but ordinary.

    • 句型: anything but（绝不是）

Unit 5: First Aid¶

重点短语¶

必会句型/重点句子¶

1. As we know, the skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. ★高考核心
   - 句法: As we know 是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as代表整个主句

2. First degree burns turn white when pressed, and mild sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids are examples of this type of burn. ★高考核心（长难句）
   - 句法: when pressed是when省略主语+be（when (they are) pressed）；caused by hot liquids过去分词短语作后置定语

3. You can protect yourself against a variety of diseases by keeping your skin clean.
   - 句型: protect...against（保护……免受）；by doing方式状语

4. If burns are on the face, or on arms or legs, the victim should be sent to hospital as soon as possible. ★高考核心
   - 句型: 条件状语从句 + as soon as possible

5. It is vital to cool the burns immediately with cool but not iced water. ★高考核心
   - 句型: It is vital to do sth. 形式主语it

6. Never put butter, oil or other ointments on burns as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
   - 句型: Never + do... 祈使句否定形式；as引导原因状语从句

7. Only after you have controlled the bleeding should you begin other treatment. ★高考核心
   - 句型: Only + 状语从句 + 部分倒装

8. What should you do if you find a person whose leg is bleeding?
   - 句型: what引导主语从句 + if条件句 + whose定语从句

9. If a person is choking, you must act quickly or he may die. ★高考核心
   - 句型: or表否则

10. The Heimlich manoeuvre is a procedure that you can use to help someone who is choking. ★高考核心

    • 句法: that定语从句修饰procedure；who定语从句修饰someone

11. Had the bystander not known first aid, the victim might not have survived. ★高考核心

    • 句型: 虚拟语气省略if倒装（= If the bystander had not known…）

12. Make sure that the airway is open before you begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

    • 句型: Make sure that...后接宾语从句；before时间状语从句

四、语法知识详解¶

Unit 1 语法: 过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）★高考核心¶

1. 基本结构¶

had + 过去分词（done）

2. 基本用法¶

（1）表示”过去的过去”： 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，常与 by the time, before, when, after, until 等连用。

• By the time the doctor arrived, the patient had already died.
• When I reached the station, the train had left.
• ★ 高考真题：By the time he was 12, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.

（2）用于宾语从句中： 主句为过去时，从句动作先于主句动作发生时用过去完成时。

• He said that he had finished his homework.
• She told me she had never seen such a beautiful sunset before.

（3）用于虚拟语气： 在与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从句用 had + 过去分词。

• If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
• ★ 高考真题：If he had followed my advice, he would not have failed the exam.

（4）表示未曾实现的希望、打算等： 常与 hope, plan, intend, mean, think, expect, want 等动词连用。

• I had hoped to see you off at the airport, but I was too busy.（本希望去送你，但未能实现）
• They had planned to go on a trip, but the rain ruined their plan.

（5）固定句型：
- Hardly had + S + done when + S + did...（一……就……）
- No sooner had + S + done than + S + did...（一……就……）
- ★ Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.

Unit 1 语法延伸: 过去完成进行时（The Past Perfect Continuous Tense）★高考核心¶

1. 基本结构¶

had been + 现在分词（doing）

2. 基本用法¶

（1）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，强调动作一直在进行中：

• By the time the boss arrived, she had been working for 8 hours.
• ★ The ground was wet. It had been raining all night.

（2）强调动作的持续性或反复性，常解释某事发生的原因：

• He was out of breath because he had been running.
• They were tired because they had been traveling for three days.

（3）与现在完成进行时对比：

• 现在完成进行时: have/has been doing — 从过去持续到现在
• 过去完成进行时: had been doing — 从过去持续到过去的某时

Unit 2 语法: 非谓语动词——不定式（Infinitive）★高考核心¶

1. 不定式作主语¶

结构: To do sth. is + adj. / It is + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.

• To master a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to master a foreign language.)
• It is important for us to learn English well.
• ★ It was kind of you to help me. (表品质用of)
• It is necessary for us to bridge the cultural gap.

判断 for/of 的标准：
- 用 for：当形容词描述事物的性质，如 difficult, easy, important, necessary, possible
- 用 of：当形容词描述人的品格、品质，如 kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, careless, cruel

2. 不定式作宾语¶

接不定式作宾语的常见动词（口诀：”想要拒绝忘记”——want, refuse, forget + 不定式）：
want, wish, hope, expect, plan, mean, decide, determine, offer, promise, refuse, manage, agree, pretend, afford, fail, learn, choose, prepare, claim, demand, hesitate, tend

• She decided to study abroad.
• They managed to finish the project on time.

接疑问词 + to do 的动词：know, decide, wonder, ask, learn, show, explain, discover
- I don’t know what to do next.
- Can you tell me how to get to the station?

3. 不定式作宾语补足语¶

结构: 动词 + 宾语 + to do

• 常用动词: ask, tell, invite, force, enable, get, allow, permit, expect, want, wish, advise, persuade, encourage, cause, warn, order, remind
• ★ 高考真题：The teacher encouraged the students to participate in the competition.
• I want you to help me with the project.

注意：使役动词 make, let, have 和感官动词 see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel 后的宾补省略to，但变为被动语态时要还原to。

• The boss made him work overtime.（主动省to）
• He was made to work overtime.（被动还原to）

4. 不定式作目的状语¶

• To pass the exam, he studied hard every day.
• He got up early to catch the first bus.
• In order to succeed, you need to work hard.（强调目的可用in order to）
• So as to save time, they took a shortcut.（so as to不用于句首）

★ 高考注意：不定式作目的状语，其否定形式为 in order not to 或 so as not to。

Unit 2 语法延伸: 不定式 vs 动名词的区别 ★高考核心¶

1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词¶

afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish

2. 只接动名词作宾语的动词（口诀：MEGAFEPS）¶

• mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, postpone, suggest
• 还有：consider, imagine, practice, risk, admit, deny, resist, keep on, feel like, be worth, look forward to, be/get used to, be devoted to, be object to, stick to, pay attention to, lead to, contribute to

★ 高考真题：I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. (to为介词)

3. 既可接不定式又可接动名词，但意义不同的动词¶

★ 高考真题：Don’t you remember seeing the man before? (记得见过)

4. 分词作状语（done vs doing）¶

• Hearing the news, she burst into tears.（现在分词作时间状语，主动）
• Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.（过去分词作状语，被动）
• Not knowing his phone number, I couldn’t contact him.（否定式not置于分词前）
• ★ 高考真题：Compared with last year, our sales have doubled. (compare表被动)

Unit 3 语法: 虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）★高考核心¶

虚拟语气是高考语法最高频考点之一，必须系统掌握。

1. if条件句中的虚拟语气¶

省略if的倒装：虚拟条件句中如有 were, had, should，可省略if，把这些词提到主语前形成部分倒装。

• Were I you, I would accept the offer. (= If I were you, …)
• Had he known the truth, he would have told us. (= If he had known, …)
• Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the trip. (= If it should rain, …)
• ★ 高考真题：Had they known the truth earlier, they would have taken different actions.

2. wish后的虚拟语气¶

• I wish I were a bird.
• ★ He wishes he had studied harder when he was young.
• I wish it would stop raining tomorrow.

3. as if / as though 后的虚拟语气¶

as if / as though 引导方式状语从句，当所述情况不真实或不可能时用虚拟语气（形式同wish）。

• He talks as if he knew everything.（其实不知道）
• She looks as if she had seen a ghost.（其实没见过）
• ★ It seems as if it were spring already.（其实还没有）

4. 表示”建议、要求、命令、坚持”等动词后的虚拟语气 ★高考核心¶

口诀：”一坚持二命令三建议四要求”
- insist（坚持）
- order, command（命令）
- suggest, advise, propose, recommend（建议）
- demand, require, request, desire, urge（要求）

结构: 主语 + (should) + 动词原形，should可省略。

• The teacher suggested that we (should) read more English books.
• He insisted that he (should) be given another chance.
• ★ 高考真题：The doctor insisted that the patient stay in bed for another week.

特别注意：
- 当 suggest 意为暗示/表明时不用虚拟语气：
- Her pale face suggested that she was ill.（表”说明、暗示”，不用虚拟）
- 当 insist 意为坚持说时不用虚拟语气：
- He insisted that he was innocent.（坚持说自己是无辜的）

5. 其他虚拟语气用法¶

（1）It is + adj./过去分词 + that + S + (should) + do
- 适合此句型的形容词/分词：necessary, important, essential, vital, urgent, natural, strange, advisable, desirable → that从句用should+do
- It is important that we (should) master a foreign language.
- It is requested that everyone (should) arrive on time.

（2）It is (high) time that + S + did / should do
- It’s high time that we took action to protect the environment.
- It is time that we should go home.

（3）would rather + (that) S + did（现在/将来）/ had done（过去）
- I would rather you didn’t smoke here.
- I would rather you had told me the truth yesterday.

（4）if only 虚拟形式同wish
- If only I were younger!
- If only I had listened to my parents!

Unit 4 语法: 倒装句（Inversion）★高考核心¶

完全倒装: 谓语动词全部提到主语之前。
部分倒装: 助动词/情态动词/be动词提到主语之前。

1. 完全倒装¶

（1）表示方位、地点的副词/介词短语在句首，主语为名词时：
- On the top of the hill stands a temple.
- Under the table sat a cat.
- ★ From the loudspeaker came the captain’s voice.

（2）表位置的副词 here, there, up, down, in, out, away 等在句首，主语为名词时：
- Here comes the bus.
- Down came the rain.
- 注意：主语为代词时不倒装：Here he comes.

2. 部分倒装¶

（1）否定副词在句首： never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, in no case
- ★ Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
- Seldom does he go to the cinema.
- Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain.
- Not only does he study hard, but also he is helpful.
- Under no circumstances should you give up.

（2）Only + 状语在句首：
- Only then did I realize my mistake.
- ★ Only by working hard can you succeed.
- Only when you lose your health will you realize its value.

（3）So + adj./adv. 在句首，表”也如此”：
- He is a student, and so am I.
- She likes English, and so do I.

（4）Nor/Neither + 助动词 + 主语，表”也不”：
- He doesn't like coffee. Neither do I.
- ★ 高考真题：He can’t speak French. Nor can his brother.

（5）So + adj./adv. + ...that 句型中So短语在句首：
- So beautiful was the scenery that we forgot our fatigue.
- ★ So fast did he run that nobody could catch him.

（6）虚拟语气省略if的倒装：
- Were I you, I would not do so.
- Had he known it, he would have helped us.
- Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the outing.

（7）as 引导让步状语从句的倒装（表”虽然”）：
- Young as he is, he knows a lot. (= Though he is young, …)
- ★ Hard as he tried, he failed. (= Though he tried hard, …)
- Child as he was, he could solve the problem.

Unit 5 语法: 非谓语动词综合（to do / doing / done 区别）★高考核心¶

1. 作定语的区别¶

• ★ ①The building to be built next year will be our library.（将建）
• ②The building being built now will be our library.（正在建）
• ③The building built last year is our library.（已建）

2. 作状语的区别¶

• Hearing the news, she smiled.（现在分词，主动，时间状语）
• Seen from the mountain, the city is beautiful.（过去分词，被动，条件/时间状语）
• To save time, we took a shortcut.（不定式，目的状语）
• ★ Not knowing what to do, he sat there silently.（现在分词否定式）

3. 作宾语补足语的区别¶

• I saw him cross the street.（不定式，动作全过程已结束）
• I saw him crossing the street.（现在分词，动作正在进行）
• I had my bike repaired.（过去分词，让别人做，表被动完成）

4. 作主语/表语¶

• To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing.（不定式和动名词可互换，但to do偏具体、一次性，doing偏一般、习惯性）
• ★ My job is to teach English.（具体任务用不定式）
• My hobby is collecting stamps.（习惯性活动用动名词）

5. 独立主格结构（表伴随/原因/时间）¶

结构: 名词/代词 + 分词 （逻辑主语与主句主语不同）

• Weather permitting, we will go on a picnic.（天气允许的话）
• The work finished, we went home.（工作完成后）
• ★ His eyes fixed on the screen, he didn’t notice me.（他眼睛盯着屏幕）

五、必会文章（课文重点）¶

Unit 1 课文重点: John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”¶

重点段落摘录与解析¶

段落1: John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.

语言点解析:
- so...that... 引导结果状语从句：”如此专业以至于…”
- exposed to cholera 过去分词短语作后置定语修饰people
- Neither...nor... 引导并列主语，谓语就近原则
- every time 此处作连词，引导时间状语从句（= whenever）

长难句树状分析:

John Snow was a famous doctor in London
├── 同位语: so expert [indeed插入语]
│     └── 结果状语从句: that he attended Queen Victoria
│           └── 状语: as her personal physician
└── 并列句: But he became inspired
      └── 时间状语从句: when he thought about helping ordinary people
            └── 后置定语: exposed to cholera [过去分词短语]

段落2: John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to help solve this problem. He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people, and he believed in the second one. It seemed that the woman liked the water so much that she had it delivered from the pump to her house every day. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information.

语言点解析:
- use sth. to do: 使用某物做某事
- had it delivered: have sth. done结构（让别人送）
- As 此处引导原因状语从句（”因为”）

Unit 2 课文重点: A Pioneer for All People (Xie Lei’s Story)¶

重点段落摘录与解析¶

段落1: Xie Lei, who is 19 years old, has come to our university to complete a business qualification. Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, she chose to board with a host family who can help with her adaptation to the new culture. “When I miss home, I feel much better when I’m around people who speak Chinese,” she said, laughing.

语言点解析:
- who is 19 years old 非限制性定语从句
- Although 让步状语从句
- laughing 现在分词作伴随状语
- adaptation to 介词to后接名词

长难句树状分析:

Xie Lei has come to our university [to complete...] 不定式作目的状语
├── 非限制性定语从句: who is 19 years old
├── 让步从句: Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation
└── 限制性定语从句修饰host family: who can help with her adaptation to the new culture

段落2: The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she had to give her own opinions and not just quote other people’s work. Xie Lei told me she felt confused at first, but after a few months she got used to it.

语言点解析:
- The first time 此处作连词，”第一次……时”
- had to write 这里the first time后用过去完成时表”第一次之前”的动作
- get used to 习惯于（to为介词，后接doing/noun）
- not just... “不仅仅是”

Unit 3 课文重点: Reaching Out Across the Ocean (Zheng He’s Voyages)¶

重点段落摘录与解析¶

段落1: A few centuries before Columbus set out on his epic voyage from Spain to the Americas, a Chinese navigator named Zheng He had already completed seven sea voyages. From 1405 to 1433, under the command of Zheng He, China’s fleets set sail from the port of Nanjing and travelled as far as the east coast of Africa.

语言点解析:
- before Columbus set out 时间状语从句（这里had already completed体现过去完成时）
- under the command of 在……的指挥下
- as far as 远达
- set sail 起航

长难句树状分析:

[时间状语从句: A few centuries before Columbus set out on his epic voyage from Spain to the Americas]
↓
主句: a Chinese navigator named Zheng He [过去分词作后置定语] had already completed seven sea voyages

段落2: The voyages were not only demonstrations of the might of the Ming Dynasty, but they also promoted cultural exchange and trade between China and the rest of the world. What we cannot ignore is that these voyages were undertaken about half a century before those of Columbus.

语言点解析:
- not only...but (also) 并列结构
- What we cannot ignore 主语从句
- is that... 表语从句

Unit 4 课文重点: Journey Across a Vast Land (Across Canada by Train)¶

重点段落摘录与解析¶

段落1: Rather than travel by aeroplane all the way, Li Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train to cross the country from west to east. They had often heard people say that Canada is a country of vast lands and spectacular scenery, and they wanted to see it for themselves.

语言点解析:
- Rather than do sth., S + decided to do 与其做A，不如做B
- heard people say 听人说（heard + sb. + do表示全过程）
- wanted to do 想要做

长难句树状分析:

[状语: Rather than travel by aeroplane all the way (动词原形)]
↓
主句: Li Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train...
↓
宾语从句: they had often heard people say that Canada is a country of vast lands and spectacular scenery
                                              ↓
                                          that引导的宾语从句

段落2: Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. Looking at the beautiful scenery, the two girls agreed that it was the most awesome journey they had ever taken.

语言点解析:
- Seen from... 过去分词作状语（被动）
- Looking at... 现在分词作状语（主动）
- they had ever taken 省略that的定语从句，修饰journey

Unit 5 课文重点: First Aid for Burns¶

重点段落摘录与解析¶

段落1: As we know, the skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, and gives you the sense of touch. You can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, electricity, the sun and chemicals.

语言点解析:
- As we know as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容
- acts as 充当
- prevents...from doing 阻止……做（prevent from结构）
- a variety of = varieties of，各种各样的

长难句树状分析:

[as方式/非限制性定语从句: As we know]
↓
主句: the skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ [并列谓语]
└── 后续并列句: Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun's rays
      └── also helps control..., prevents..., and gives... [并列谓语]

段落2: First degree burns turn white when pressed. Examples of mild sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids are also first degree burns. Whether the burns are first, second or third degree, they should be treated immediately by being held under cool running water.

语言点解析:
- when pressed = when (they are) pressed（状语从句省略主语+be）
- caused by hot liquids 过去分词短语作后置定语
- whether...or... 让步状语从句
- by being held 介词by+动名词被动式（being done）

六、阅读材料（拓展阅读）¶

Reading 1: The Father of Modern Epidemiology（科学发现类）¶

In the 19th century, London was repeatedly struck by cholera, a deadly disease that killed tens of thousands of people. Most doctors of the time believed that cholera spread through “bad air” or miasma, but Dr. John Snow suspected otherwise. Through meticulous investigation and innovative mapping techniques, Snow demonstrated that cholera was actually spread through contaminated water.

Snow’s investigation began with a simple but powerful observation. He noticed that during a particularly deadly outbreak in 1854, the deaths were clustered around a specific water pump on Broad Street. When he had the pump handle removed, the outbreak subsided dramatically. This was one of the first uses of geographical mapping in epidemiology.

However, Snow’s most convincing evidence came from a broader investigation. He interviewed residents throughout London and found that those who drank water from a particular company, which drew its water downstream from sewage outlets, were far more likely to contract cholera than those served by another company drawing water upstream. This “natural experiment” provided compelling evidence for his theory.

Despite the strength of his evidence, Snow’s theory was not widely accepted during his lifetime. It was only after his death that the scientific community fully embraced his findings. Today, John Snow is recognized as the father of modern epidemiology, and his methods continue to influence public health research worldwide.

Questions:

1. According to the passage, what did most 19th-century doctors believe caused cholera?
   - A. Contaminated water
   - B. “Bad air” or miasma
   - C. Poor personal hygiene
   - D. Crowded living conditions

2. How did Snow’s investigation begin?
   - A. By interviewing sewage company workers
   - B. By mapping the deaths around a water pump
   - C. By studying the chemical composition of water
   - D. By observing patients in hospitals

3. What was the “natural experiment” mentioned in paragraph 3?
   - A. Snow deliberately contaminated water to test his theory
   - B. Two water companies drew water from different locations
   - C. The pump handle was removed as an experiment
   - D. Residents were asked to switch water companies

4. What can be inferred from the passage?
   - A. Snow’s theory was immediately accepted by all doctors
   - B. Snow’s methods included geographical mapping
   - C. Snow was appointed as the head of London’s health department
   - D. Snow’s work had no influence on modern epidemiology

5. What is the main idea of the passage?
   - A. The history of London’s water supply
   - B. How John Snow discovered how cholera spreads
   - C. The dangers of untreated sewage
   - D. The development of geographical mapping

参考答案: 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B

Reading 2: The Experience of Studying Abroad（跨文化交流类）¶

When twenty-year-old Li Chen arrived in London to begin her year-long exchange program, she thought she was well-prepared. She had studied English for over ten years, read extensively about British culture, and even practiced with native speakers online. Yet nothing could have prepared her for the reality of living abroad.

The first few weeks were exhausting. In lectures, she struggled to keep up with the professors’ rapid speech and unfamiliar vocabulary. In seminars, she hesitated to speak up, worried that her classmates would judge her accent or grammar. By the end of each day, she was so mentally drained that she often skipped meals and slept for hours.

“I felt like a different person,” Li Chen recalls. “At home, I was confident and talkative. In London, I became quiet and anxious. I doubted whether I had made the right decision.” This phenomenon, known as culture shock, affects nearly all international students to some degree. Psychologists describe it in stages: excitement, frustration, adjustment, and finally, acceptance.

The turning point came when Li Chen joined a local volunteering group. Working alongside British students on community projects gave her the chance to use English in a natural, pressure-free setting. “I stopped worrying about making mistakes and started focusing on communication,” she explains. “Once I let go of my fear, I found that people were incredibly supportive.”

By the end of the year, Li Chen had not only improved her English dramatically but also developed a global perspective that she believes will benefit her future career. “Studying abroad isn’t just about academics,” she says. “It’s about discovering who you are when everything familiar is taken away.”

Questions:

1. Why did Li Chen feel unprepared despite her preparation?
   - A. She didn’t study English enough
   - B. She had never traveled before
   - C. The reality of living abroad was different from expectations
   - D. Her online practice partners had misled her

2. What was Li Chen’s initial experience in seminars?
   - A. She spoke confidently and contributed often
   - B. She was afraid to speak because of her accent
   - C. She couldn’t understand what the professors said
   - D. She was praised for her English skills

3. According to the passage, what are the stages of culture shock?
   - A. Excitement, happiness, boredom, and return
   - B. Excitement, frustration, adjustment, and acceptance
   - C. Fear, anger, negotiation, and acceptance
   - D. Shock, denial, depression, and decision

4. What helped Li Chen overcome her difficulties?
   - A. She hired a private English tutor
   - B. She joined a volunteering group
   - C. She returned to China early
   - D. She stopped attending lectures

5. What is the main message of the passage?
   - A. Studying abroad is always difficult
   - B. Culture shock is unavoidable and permanent
   - C. Studying abroad offers both challenges and growth
   - D. International students should avoid local activities

参考答案: 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C

Reading 3: Protecting Our Oceans（海洋保护类）¶

The world’s oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, yet we have explored less than 5 percent of their depths. Marine biologists estimate that millions of species remain undiscovered in the ocean, making it the largest unexplored frontier on our planet. However, this vast and mysterious ecosystem is under serious threat from human activities.

Pollution is perhaps the most visible threat. Every year, approximately 8 million tons of plastic waste enter the oceans, harming marine life through ingestion and entanglement. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, while seabirds feed plastic pieces to their chicks, often with fatal consequences. Microplastics, tiny particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastics, have been found in organisms throughout the marine food chain, from plankton to whales.

Overfishing presents another serious challenge. Modern fishing fleets, equipped with advanced technology, can harvest fish at a rate far exceeding the species’ ability to reproduce. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, over 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are currently overfished, threatening both marine biodiversity and the livelihoods of millions who depend on fishing.

Climate change adds yet another layer of complexity. As the oceans absorb increasing amounts of carbon dioxide, they become more acidic—a process known as ocean acidification. This threatens calcifying organisms such as corals and shellfish, which form the foundation of many marine ecosystems. Rising sea temperatures also cause coral bleaching, a phenomenon that can kill entire reef systems.

Despite these challenges, there is reason for hope. Marine protected areas, where fishing and other harmful activities are restricted, have shown promising results in restoring fish populations and ecosystem health. Innovations in biodegradable materials and waste management are reducing the flow of plastic into the sea. International cooperation, such as the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, is bringing global attention to ocean conservation. The question is whether we can act quickly enough to preserve the oceans for future generations.

Questions:

1. How much of the ocean has been explored, according to the passage?
   - A. More than 70 percent
   - B. About 5 percent
   - C. Less than 5 percent
   - D. Exactly 30 percent

2. Why is plastic waste particularly harmful to marine life?
   - A. It changes the temperature of the water
   - B. It is ingested and causes entanglement
   - C. It produces toxic chemicals
   - D. It blocks sunlight from reaching the depths

3. What is the main cause of coral bleaching mentioned in the passage?
   - A. Plastic pollution
   - B. Overfishing
   - C. Rising sea temperatures
   - D. Ocean acidification

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a solution?
   - A. Marine protected areas
   - B. Biodegradable materials
   - C. Banning all fishing worldwide
   - D. International cooperation

5. What is the author’s attitude toward ocean conservation?
   - A. Completely pessimistic
   - B. Cautiously hopeful
   - C. Indifferent
   - D. Unaware of the problems

参考答案: 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B

Reading 4: The Great Canadian Train Journey（旅行类）¶

There is perhaps no better way to experience the immense scale and diversity of Canada than by traveling across it by train. The trip from Vancouver on the Pacific coast to Halifax on the Atlantic covers over 6,000 kilometers and takes about five days, passing through four time zones and some of the most spectacular scenery on Earth.

The journey begins in Vancouver, a vibrant city nestled between the Pacific Ocean and the Coast Mountains. As the train pulls out of the station and heads east, passengers are treated to their first taste of Canadian wilderness. Within hours, the train enters the Fraser River Canyon, where towering cliffs plunge into the rushing river below.

The most awe-inspiring section of the journey comes as the train climbs into the Canadian Rockies. Snow-capped peaks rise dramatically on either side, while glaciers cling to the mountainsides. Many passengers spend hours in the observation car, cameras in hand, trying to capture the breathtaking vistas. Wildlife sightings are common—elk, bears, and even the occasional moose can be spotted from the train.

As the train descends from the mountains onto the prairies, the landscape changes dramatically. Endless fields of wheat stretch to the horizon, broken only by the occasional farm or grain elevator. The vastness of the prairies can be overwhelming at first, but many travelers come to appreciate the subtle beauty of this flat, open land.

The final leg of the journey takes passengers through the Canadian Shield, a region of ancient rock, dense forests, and countless lakes. As the train approaches the Atlantic coast, passengers catch their first glimpse of the ocean, marking the end of an unforgettable journey. For many, this trans-Canadian train trip is not just a mode of transportation but a once-in-a-lifetime experience that reveals the true scale and beauty of one of the world’s largest countries.

Questions:

1. How long is the train journey from Vancouver to Halifax?
   - A. About 600 kilometers
   - B. About 6,000 kilometers
   - C. About 60,000 kilometers
   - D. About 600,000 kilometers

2. What is the most awe-inspiring section of the journey?
   - A. The Fraser River Canyon
   - B. The prairies
   - C. The Canadian Rockies
   - D. The Canadian Shield

3. What can be inferred about the prairies?
   - A. They are covered in dense forests
   - B. They feature flat, open land with wheat fields
   - C. They are mountainous and difficult to cross
   - D. They are densely populated with cities

4. Why do many passengers consider this trip special?
   - A. It is the cheapest way to travel in Canada
   - B. It is faster than flying
   - C. It is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that reveals Canada’s scale and beauty
   - D. It offers free food and accommodation

5. What is the main purpose of the passage?
   - A. To advertise a train company
   - B. To describe the experience of a trans-Canadian train journey
   - C. To compare train travel with air travel
   - D. To provide a history of Canadian railways

参考答案: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B

Reading 5: The Critical Minutes: Why First Aid Matters（急救安全类）¶

Imagine this scenario: You are at a family gathering when your uncle suddenly clutches his throat and begins to choke. His face turns red, then blue. He cannot speak or breathe. In that moment, the actions you take in the next three to five minutes could mean the difference between life and death.

This is not an exaggeration. According to medical experts, for every minute that passes without treatment during a cardiac arrest, the victim’s chance of survival decreases by about 10 percent. Within ten minutes, the chances of survival are nearly zero. In many cases, ambulances cannot arrive fast enough, making bystander intervention critical.

Yet surveys consistently show that most people lack even basic first aid skills. A recent study in the United Kingdom found that only 5 percent of adults felt confident performing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), while more than half said they would not know what to do in a medical emergency. This knowledge gap costs thousands of lives every year.

The good news is that basic first aid is not difficult to learn. The Heimlich maneuver, used to help choking victims, can be mastered in minutes. CPR, while requiring practice, follows a simple procedure: check responsiveness, call for help, and begin chest compressions. Even basic skills—knowing how to stop bleeding, treat burns, or recognize the signs of a stroke—can save lives.

Many countries have begun incorporating first aid training into school curricula, recognizing that these skills should be as fundamental as reading and writing. In Norway, for example, first aid has been a compulsory part of education since the 1960s, and bystander CPR rates there are among the highest in the world. Research suggests that countries with mandatory first aid education have significantly higher survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

The message is clear: first aid is not just for medical professionals. It is a vital life skill that everyone should possess. The few hours spent learning these techniques could one day make you the difference between tragedy and survival—not just for strangers, but for the people you love most.

Questions:

1. What happens to the survival rate for each minute without treatment during cardiac arrest?
   - A. It increases by 10 percent
   - B. It decreases by about 10 percent
   - C. It remains the same
   - D. It drops by 50 percent

2. According to the UK study, how many adults felt confident performing CPR?
   - A. More than half
   - B. About 50 percent
   - C. Only 5 percent
   - D. Almost everyone

3. What is the correct order of CPR procedure mentioned in the passage?
   - A. Call for help, check responsiveness, begin compressions
   - B. Check responsiveness, call for help, begin compressions
   - C. Begin compressions, check responsiveness, call for help
   - D. Call for help, begin compressions, check responsiveness

4. What example does the passage give of a country with successful first aid education?
   - A. The United Kingdom
   - B. The United States
   - C. Norway
   - D. Australia

5. What is the author’s main argument?
   - A. Only medical professionals should perform first aid
   - B. First aid is too difficult for ordinary people to learn
   - C. Everyone should learn basic first aid skills
   - D. Schools should not teach first aid

参考答案: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C

七、优秀范文与必会练习¶

优秀范文¶

范文1: 建议信——给准备出国留学的同学的建议¶

Dear Li Hua,

I am delighted to hear that you are going to study abroad in the UK. Having gone through a similar experience myself, I would like to share some advice that I hope will help you prepare for this exciting journey.

First and foremost, improving your spoken English before departure is of vital importance. While you may have passed all your exams, real-life communication is quite different. I suggest watching English films without subtitles and practicing with native speakers online. The more confident you are with the language, the easier your adaptation will be.

In addition, it is essential to learn about British culture in advance. Reading about social customs, table manners, and even humor can prevent misunderstandings and help you feel at home more quickly. When in Rome, do as the Romans do, as the saying goes.

Furthermore, do not hesitate to step out of your comfort zone. Join clubs, volunteer in the community, and make friends with local students. These experiences will not only improve your language skills but also broaden your horizons.

Finally, remember that homesickness is normal. Keep in touch with your family and friends, but also give yourself time to adjust. Most students overcome culture shock within a few months.

I am confident that you will make the most of this opportunity. Should you need any further help, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Yours sincerely,
Wang Ming

【高分句型标注】 ★
- Having gone through a similar experience myself…（现在分词完成式作状语）
- The more confident you are…, the easier your adaptation will be.（the more…the more句型）
- Should you need any further help…（虚拟条件句省略if的部分倒装）
- It is essential to…（形式主语句型）
- 高级词汇：vital, adaptation, hesitate, horizon
- 过渡词：First and foremost, In addition, Furthermore, Finally

范文2: 感谢信——感谢老师在科学竞赛中的指导¶

Dear Mr. Smith,

I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for your guidance and support throughout the Science Innovation Competition. Without your help, I would never have achieved such a remarkable result.

What impressed me most was your patience and dedication. Whenever I encountered difficulties in my experiments, you were always there to offer insightful advice. Your suggestion to approach the problem from a different perspective proved to be the turning point of my project. It was your encouragement that gave me the confidence to persist when I was on the verge of giving up.

In addition, the rigorous scientific method you taught me has changed the way I think about research. I have learned that a good scientist must not only be knowledgeable but also creative and determined. These lessons will stay with me for the rest of my life.

I would also like to thank you for writing me a recommendation letter, which has helped me secure a place at my dream university. I am determined to continue pursuing my passion for science and to make a contribution to society, just as you have inspired me to do.

Once again, thank you for everything. I hope to keep in touch and perhaps one day work alongside you.

Yours gratefully,
Li Hua

【高分句型标注】 ★
- Without your help, I would never have achieved…（含蓄虚拟语气，without相当于if从句）
- What impressed me most was…（主语从句）
- It was your encouragement that gave me…（强调句型）
- 高级词汇：heartfelt, gratitude, dedication, insightful, rigorous, persist, on the verge of
- 过渡词：In addition, Once again

范文3: 邀请信——邀请外教参加中国传统文化体验活动¶

Dear Professor Johnson,

On behalf of our school’s Cultural Exchange Club, I warmly invite you to attend our upcoming event, “Experience Chinese Traditional Culture,” which will be held on Saturday, October 15th, from 2:00 to 5:00 p.m. in the school auditorium.

The event features a variety of activities designed to showcase the richness of Chinese heritage. You will have the opportunity to learn the art of paper-cutting, practice writing Chinese calligraphy, and taste authentic traditional snacks prepared by our students. In addition, there will be a tea ceremony performance and a brief lecture on the history of Chinese festivals.

As a respected scholar who has shown great interest in Chinese culture, your presence would greatly honor us. We believe that your participation will not only enhance the cultural exchange but also inspire our students to develop a deeper appreciation of their own heritage.

Should you decide to join us, please let us know by October 10th so that we can make the necessary arrangements. If you have any questions or special requests, please feel free to contact me at any time.

We look forward to welcoming you to this special event.

Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
President, Cultural Exchange Club

【高分句型标注】 ★
- On behalf of…（代表……）
- which will be held…（非限制性定语从句）
- As a respected scholar who…（as引导的状语 + who限制性定语从句）
- Should you decide to join us…（虚拟条件句省略if倒装）
- 高级词汇：showcase, heritage, authentic, ceremony, presence, enhance, appreciation

范文4: 申请信——申请参加海洋生态夏令营¶

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to apply for the Marine Ecology Summer Camp organized by your institute. As a high school student with a deep passion for marine biology, I believe this camp would be an invaluable opportunity for me to deepen my knowledge and contribute to ocean conservation.

Throughout my academic career, I have maintained excellent grades in biology and chemistry, ranking in the top 5 percent of my class. I have also participated in several science fairs, where my project on coral reef ecosystems won the first prize. These experiences have equipped me with both theoretical knowledge and practical research skills.

In addition to my academic qualifications, I have been an active member of our school’s Environmental Protection Club for two years. Together with my teammates, I have organized beach clean-up activities and given presentations on reducing plastic waste. These activities have strengthened my commitment to environmental protection.

If accepted, I would be eager to participate in all research activities and share my knowledge with fellow campers. I am particularly interested in studying the impact of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity, a topic I hope to pursue in my future studies.

I would be grateful if you could consider my application. I am available for an interview at your convenience and can be reached at the email address above. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours faithfully,
Wang Lei

【高分句型标注】 ★
- I believe this camp would be an invaluable opportunity…（would + do 谦虚虚拟）
- a topic I hope to pursue…（同位语+定语从句）
- These experiences have equipped me with…（高级搭配）
- I would be grateful if you could consider…（虚拟语气表礼貌）
- 高级词汇：invaluable, equip, theoretical, commitment, acidification, biodiversity

范文5: 通知——校园急救知识培训活动通知¶

NOTICE

Dear teachers and students,

In order to enhance our school community’s awareness of first aid and emergency response, the Student Union, in cooperation with the school clinic, will hold a First Aid Training Workshop on Friday, October 20th, 2026, from 3:00 to 5:00 p.m. in the school auditorium.

The workshop will be conducted by Dr. Zhang Wei, a senior emergency physician from the City Hospital, who has over fifteen years of experience in emergency medicine. During the two-hour session, participants will learn essential first aid skills, including CPR, the Heimlich maneuver, wound treatment, and burn care. Demonstrations and hands-on practice will be provided so that everyone can master these life-saving techniques.

All students and teachers are strongly encouraged to attend. As we all know, accidents can happen at any time, and knowing how to respond in an emergency can make a critical difference. No prior knowledge or experience is required—all you need is a willingness to learn.

Please register with your class monitor by Wednesday, October 18th. Spaces are limited, so early registration is recommended. For more information, please contact the Student Union office.

We look forward to seeing you there!

The Student Union
October 12th, 2026

【高分句型标注】 ★
- In order to enhance…（表目的的不定式）
- who has over fifteen years of experience…（非限制性定语从句）
- As we all know…（as引导非限制性定语从句）
- 高级词汇：enhance, awareness, conduct, essential, demonstration, prior

范文6: 议论文——科学精神与社会责任（科学话题）¶

The Power of Scientific Spirit

Throughout history, science has been the driving force behind human progress, and scientists have been its most passionate advocates. What sets great scientists apart is not merely their intelligence, but the spirit they bring to their work: a spirit of curiosity, perseverance, and social responsibility.

Curiosity is the starting point of all scientific discovery. It was John Snow’s curiosity about the true cause of cholera that led him to challenge the accepted theory of his time. Without the courage to ask “why” and “what if,” no breakthrough would ever be possible. As Albert Einstein once said, “I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.”

Perseverance is equally essential. Scientific research is rarely a smooth journey. Experiments fail, theories are disproven, and progress often comes at a frustratingly slow pace. Yet it is precisely this ability to persist in the face of failure that distinguishes true scientists. Marie Curie conducted thousands of experiments before isolating radium, and Thomas Edison famously tested over a thousand materials before inventing a practical light bulb.

Most importantly, science must be guided by a sense of social responsibility. Knowledge without ethics can be dangerous. When scientists use their skills purely for personal gain or harmful purposes, the consequences can be disastrous. Conversely, when science is directed toward solving humanity’s greatest challenges—disease, pollution, hunger—it becomes one of the most powerful forces for good in the world.

As students, we should cultivate this scientific spirit in our own lives. By asking questions, embracing failure as a learning opportunity, and considering the broader impact of our actions, we can all contribute to a better future. Science is not just for scientists—it is a way of thinking that each of us can adopt.

【高分句型标注】 ★
- What sets great scientists apart is…（主语从句）
- It was John Snow’s curiosity that…（强调句型）
- …precisely this ability to persist…that distinguishes…（强调句型）
- 高级词汇：driving force, perseverance, disproportionate, isolate, ethics, disastrous
- 过渡结构清晰：Curiosity → Perseverance → Social responsibility → As students

范文7: 记叙文——一次难忘的旅行（旅行感悟话题）¶

A Journey That Changed Me

Last summer, I embarked on a train journey across the vast lands of northwest China with my best friend, a trip that would forever change the way I see the world.

We set off from Xi’an early one morning, the rhythmic clatter of the train beneath us as we headed west. As the hours passed, the landscape outside our window transformed dramatically. The familiar green farmlands of central China gradually gave way to the endless, golden deserts of Gansu, and finally to the snow-capped peaks of the Tianshan Mountains.

What struck me most was not the scenery, however, but the people we met along the way. In a small town near the Gobi Desert, an elderly Uyghur man invited us into his home for tea and flatbread. Though we spoke different languages, his warmth and generosity transcended words. He showed us his garden, introduced us to his grandchildren, and insisted that we stay for dinner. That evening, as we sat under a canopy of stars brighter than any I had ever seen, I realized that kindness knows no cultural boundaries.

Another unforgettable moment came when we visited a remote school in the mountains. The children there had few material possessions, yet their eyes sparkled with curiosity and hope. They asked us endless questions about life in the city and dreams for the future. I was deeply moved by their resilience and optimism, and I felt a renewed sense of gratitude for the opportunities I had often taken for granted.

By the time we returned home two weeks later, I was a different person. I had seen the incredible diversity of my country, experienced the kindness of strangers, and gained a deeper appreciation for the simple joys of life. As I look back, I realize that the true value of travel lies not in the destinations we reach, but in the people we meet and the perspectives we gain along the way.

【高分句型标注】 ★
- a trip that would forever change…（定语从句修饰trip）
- What struck me most was…（主语从句）
- …though we spoke different languages, his warmth transcended words…（让步状语从句）
- …the true value of travel lies not in…, but in…（not in…but in并列结构）
- 高级词汇：embark, rhythmic, clatter, transcend, resilience, optimism

范文8: 议论文——海洋保护人人有责（海洋话题）¶

Our Oceans, Our Responsibility

The oceans are often called the “cradle of life” on Earth, and for good reason. They produce more than half of the oxygen we breathe, regulate the global climate, and provide food for billions of people. Yet despite their immeasurable value, our oceans are facing unprecedented threats, largely due to human activities.

Pollution is perhaps the most alarming issue. Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste are dumped into the sea, killing marine animals and contaminating the food chain. Chemical pollutants from factories and agricultural runoff create “dead zones” where no marine life can survive. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a collection of floating debris twice the size of Texas, stands as a shameful monument to our disregard for the ocean.

Overfishing is another critical problem. Advanced fishing technology has enabled us to harvest fish at an unsustainable rate, pushing many species to the brink of extinction. When one species disappears, the entire ecosystem is affected, setting off a chain reaction that can be nearly impossible to reverse.

The question is: what can we do? The answer lies in both individual and collective action. On a personal level, we can reduce our use of single-use plastics, choose sustainably sourced seafood, and participate in beach clean-up activities. On a larger scale, governments must enforce stricter environmental regulations, establish marine protected areas, and invest in research on ocean conservation.

Most importantly, we must change our mindset. The oceans are not an infinite resource to be exploited, nor are they a bottomless dumping ground. They are a living system that sustains us all, and their health is directly linked to our own survival. As the ancient proverb goes, “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” It is our responsibility to return it in better condition than we found it.

【高分句型标注】 ★
- The Great Pacific Garbage Patch…, stands as a shameful monument to…（同位语+比喻）
- …setting off a chain reaction that can be nearly impossible to reverse（现在分词作状语+定语从句）
- The oceans are not…, nor are they…（nor引导的倒装句）
- 高级词汇：unprecedented, alarming, contaminate, debris, disregard, unsustainable, brink, infinite, exploit

范文9: 读后续写范文1——急救场景（150-200词）¶

阅读材料前文: Tom was walking home from school when he noticed an old man sitting on a bench, clutching his chest. The man’s face was pale and beads of sweat were forming on his forehead. Tom hesitated for a moment, unsure of what to do.

续写部分:

Tom’s heart pounded as he realized the gravity of the situation. Without a second thought, he rushed to the old man’s side and knelt beside him. “Sir, are you alright? Can you hear me?” he asked, his voice trembling slightly but steady enough to be heard.

The man managed to whisper, “My chest… it hurts…” before his eyes rolled back and he lost consciousness. Tom’s mind raced. He had learned CPR in a school workshop just months ago, but he had never used it on a real person. Taking a deep breath to calm himself, he checked the man’s pulse—nothing. There was no time to lose.

Tom positioned his hands on the center of the man’s chest and began compressions, counting aloud as he had been taught. “One, two, three, four…” He pressed hard and fast, his arms aching with the effort. All the while, he shouted to a passerby, “Call 120! Hurry!” A woman nearby immediately dialed the emergency number.

After what felt like an eternity, the man suddenly gasped and his eyes fluttered open. Tears of relief welled up in Tom’s eyes as he heard the distant wail of the approaching ambulance. He held the man’s hand gently and whispered, “You’re going to be okay. Help is on the way.”

【读后续写技巧】 ★
1. 衔接前文: 自然延续前文情境，紧接Tom发现老人胸痛的情节
2. 细节描写: 通过动作描写（rushed to, knelt, checked pulse, began compressions）、语言描写（shouting to passerby）和心理描写（heart pounded, mind raced）增强真实感
3. 紧凑情节: 时间紧迫感（no time to lose, what felt like an eternity）推动情节发展
4. 情感升华: 结尾tears of relief体现主人公的成长和人性光辉
5. 高分词汇: gravity, consciousness, compression, eternity, wail
6. 过渡词: Without a second thought, Taking a deep breath, All the while, After what felt like an eternity

范文10: 读后续写范文2——跨文化友谊（150-200词）¶

阅读材料前文: Maya, a Chinese student studying in London, felt increasingly lonely as Christmas approached. Her British roommate, Emma, had invited her to spend the holiday with her family, but Maya was too shy to accept.

续写部分:

That evening, as Maya sat alone in the dormitory, staring at the blank wall, there was a soft knock at the door. To her surprise, Emma stood there, holding a small, beautifully wrapped package. “I know you said no,” Emma said with a warm smile, “but my mum insisted. She said Christmas isn’t Christmas without everyone at the table.”

Maya’s eyes welled up with tears. For weeks, she had been pretending that she was fine, that the homesickness didn’t bother her, that she could survive on her own. But in that moment, the walls she had built around herself crumbled. “I don’t know your family,” she whispered. “What if they think I’m strange? What if I do something wrong?”

Emma laughed gently and sat down beside her. “Maya, my family is going to love you. My mum has been learning to make dumplings just for you—she watched three tutorials online.” They both laughed, and for the first time in weeks, Maya felt a warm glow spread through her chest.

Three days later, Maya found herself seated at a long table surrounded by Emma’s extended family. The room was filled with laughter, the smell of roast turkey and—in a wonderful surprise—freshly made dumplings. As she looked around at the smiling faces, Maya realized that family wasn’t just about blood. Sometimes, it was about the people who made room for you at their table and in their hearts.

【读后续写技巧】 ★
1. 情感弧线完整: 孤独→被感动→犹豫→接受→温暖→感悟，层次分明
2. 人物互动: 通过Emma的主动邀请和Maya的内心变化展现友谊
3. 文化融合细节: roast turkey (英式) + dumplings (中式)，体现跨文化主题
4. 结尾升华: “family wasn’t just about blood” 点明主旨
5. 高分词汇: crumble, tutorial, extended family, glow
6. 过渡词: To her surprise, For weeks, In that moment, Three days later, As she looked around

必会练习¶

Unit 1 练习¶

一、单项选择

1. By the time the ambulance arrived, the patient __ for half an hour.
   - A. died B. had died C. had been dead D. was dying

2. Hardly _ home _ it began to rain.
   - A. had I arrived; when B. I had arrived; than
   - C. had I arrived; than D. did I arrive; when

3. If only I __ harder when I was in high school!
   - A. studied B. had studied C. would study D. were studying

4. The teacher demanded that every student __ the homework on time.
   - A. handed in B. hand in C. would hand in D. to hand in

5. Never before __ such a magnificent sunset.
   - A. I have seen B. have I seen C. I had seen D. had I seen

二、用所给词的正确形式填空

6. The scientist’s __ (devote) to his research earned him great respect.
7. By the end of last year, they __ (complete) three expeditions.
8. __ (expose) to radiation can cause serious health problems.
9. He was suspected of __ (steal) the confidential documents.
10. It is vital that the experiment __ (conduct) under controlled conditions.

三、句子翻译

11. 多亏了他的发现，无数生命得以拯救。(thanks to)
12. 直到实验成功，他们才意识到之前的努力没有白费。(not…until + 强调句)

参考答案与解析:

1. C 解析：by the time + 过去时，主句用过去完成时；但”死亡”是瞬间动词，不能持续，需用had been dead表状态。
2. A 解析：Hardly had + S + done when + S + did，固定句型。
3. B 解析：if only与过去事实相反用had done。
4. B 解析：demand后宾语从句用(should)+动词原形。
5. D 解析：never before否定词在句首用部分倒装，且发生在过去用过去完成时。
6. devotion 解析：devote的名词形式，作主语。
7. had completed 解析：by the end of last year用过去完成时。
8. Being exposed 解析：动名词被动式作主语；也可用Exposure to。
9. stealing 解析：suspect sb. of doing sth.，of后接动名词。
10. (should) be conducted 解析：It is vital that + (should)+do，实验被conduct，用被动。
11. Thanks to his discovery, numerous lives were saved.
12. It was not until the experiment succeeded that they realized their previous efforts had not been in vain.

Unit 2 练习¶

一、单项选择

1. It is the first time that she __ abroad.
   - A. traveled B. has traveled C. had traveled D. travels

2. Only by communicating with native speakers __ truly master the language.
   - A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you be able

3. __ , he couldn’t adapt to the new environment.
   - A. Try as he might B. As he might try C. He might as try D. Might he as try

4. I would rather you __ that to her yesterday.
   - A. didn’t say B. hadn’t said C. wouldn’t say D. don’t say

5. It is high time that we __ action to protect cultural heritage.
   - A. take B. took C. will take D. have taken

二、用所给词的正确形式填空

6. She is looking forward to __ (hear) from her pen pal abroad.
7. __ (not know) the local customs, she accidentally offended her host.
8. The manager insisted that the meeting __ (hold) on Monday.
9. __ (adapt) to a new culture takes patience and courage.
10. It is important that every student __ (participate) in cultural activities.

三、句子翻译

11. 众所周知，文化在跨文化交流中起着至关重要的作用。(As is known to all)
12. 只有走出舒适区，我们才能获得真正的成长。(Only + 倒装)

参考答案与解析:
1. B 解析：It is the first time that + 现在完成时。
2. B 解析：Only + 状语在句首用部分倒装。
3. A 解析：as引导让步状语从句的倒装：Try as he might = However hard he tried。
4. B 解析：would rather + 过去完成时表对过去的虚拟。
5. B 解析：It is high time that + did / should do。
6. hearing 解析：look forward to中to为介词，后接动名词。
7. Not knowing 解析：现在分词否定式作原因状语。
8. (should) be held 解析：insist表”坚持要求”用虚拟，(should)+be done表被动。
9. Adapting 解析：动名词作主语。
10. (should) participate 解析：It is important that + (should)+do。
11. As is known to all, culture plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication.
12. Only by stepping out of our comfort zone can we achieve true growth.

Unit 3 练习¶

一、单项选择

1. __ for the ocean exploration, we would know far less about our planet.
   - A. Were it not B. If it is not C. Had it not been D. Were not it

2. The doctor suggested that the patient __ in bed for another week.
   - A. stay B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed

3. Under no circumstances __ give up protecting the marine ecosystem.
   - A. we should B. should we C. we will D. will we

4. __ , the more we want to know.
   - A. The more we learn B. More we learn C. We learn more D. The most we learn

5. So __ was the scenery that we forgot all our fatigue.
   - A. beautifully B. beautiful C. more beautiful D. the most beautiful

二、语法填空

6. It was not until 1433 __ the last voyage of Zheng He took place.
7. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, __ (make) it the largest ecosystem on Earth.
8. If the ocean __ (protect) properly, many species would not be endangered.
9. __ (compare) with the past, our knowledge of the ocean has greatly increased.
10. The deeper we dive, __ (dark) it becomes.

三、句子翻译

11. 据说郑和的船队由300多艘船组成。(It is said that / be composed of)
12. 我们越早采取行动保护海洋，海洋生物就越有可能生存下来。(The sooner…, the more likely…)

参考答案与解析:
1. A 解析：与现在事实相反的虚拟，省略if倒装Were it not for = If it were not for。
2. A 解析：suggest表”建议”，后接(should)+动词原形。
3. B 解析：Under no circumstances否定短语在句首用部分倒装。
4. A 解析：The more…the more句型。
5. B 解析：So + adj. + was + S + that句型，用形容词。
6. that 解析：It was not until…that…强调句型。
7. making 解析：现在分词作结果状语，表自然导致的结果。
8. were protected 解析：与现在事实相反的虚拟，主语ocean与protect为被动，用were done。
9. Compared 解析：过去分词作状语，compare表被动。
10. the darker 解析：The + 比较级，the + 比较级。
11. It is said that Zheng He’s fleet was composed of over 300 ships.
12. The sooner we take action to protect the ocean, the more likely marine life is to survive.

Unit 4 练习¶

一、单项选择

1. __ from the train window, the mountains looked magnificent.
   - A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. Having seen

2. Rather than __ by plane, they decided to take the train.
   - A. travel B. traveling C. to travel D. traveled

3. __ beautiful the scenery was, they couldn’t help taking photos.
   - A. However B. Whatever C. How D. What

4. It was not until they reached the coast __ they realized how far they had traveled.
   - A. that B. when C. then D. which

5. __ at the beautiful landscape, the two travelers agreed it was the best trip ever.
   - A. Looked B. To look C. Looking D. Having looked

二、语法填空

6. __ (cross) the vast land, they encountered various cultures and landscapes.
7. The train, __ (bound) for Vancouver, departed at dawn.
8. No sooner __ they arrived at the station than the train pulled in.
9. The scenery was __ spectacular that it took our breath away.
10. __ (tire) from the long journey, they fell asleep as soon as they reached the hotel.

三、句子翻译

11. 与其坐飞机直达，他们选择先飞到温哥华，再坐火车穿越加拿大。(Rather than)
12. 令他们印象深刻的是加拿大人民的友好和壮丽的自然风光。(What impressed…was…)

参考答案与解析:
1. B 解析：mountains与see为被动关系，用过去分词作状语。
2. A 解析：Rather than后接动词原形。
3. A 解析：However + adj. + S + V让步状语从句。
4. A 解析：It was not until…that…强调句型。
5. C 解析：travelers与look为主动，用现在分词作状语。
6. Crossing 解析：现在分词作时间/伴随状语，主动关系。
7. bound 解析：bound for是固定搭配，这里作后置定语（形容词短语）。
8. had 解析：No sooner had + S + done than + S + did。
9. so 解析：so…that句型。
10. Tired 解析：Tired from…为形容词短语作原因状语。
11. Rather than fly all the way, they chose to fly to Vancouver first and then take the train across Canada.
12. What impressed them was the friendliness of the Canadian people and the spectacular natural scenery.

Unit 5 练习¶

一、单项选择

1. __ in case of emergency can save lives.
   - A. Know first aid B. Knowing first aid C. Known first aid D. To knowing first aid

2. Never __ butter on burns as it may cause infection.
   - A. you put B. put you C. do you put D. you should put

3. The victim was sent to hospital, with his leg __ .
   - A. bandage B. bandaging C. bandaged D. to bandage

4. __ the bystander known first aid, the victim might have survived.
   - A. If B. Had C. Were D. Should

5. It is essential that everyone __ basic first aid skills.
   - A. masters B. master C. mastered D. would master

二、用所给词的正确形式填空

6. The injured man was rushed to hospital for immediate __ (treat).
7. __ (not panic), the bystander quickly called the emergency number.
8. The water should be applied to the burn to prevent it from __ (get) infected.
9. Only after the bleeding was controlled __ they begin other treatment. (用正确的助动词)
10. When __ (face) with an emergency, the most important thing is to stay calm.

三、句子翻译

11. 多亏了那位路人的急救知识，伤者得以脱离危险。(thanks to / out of danger)
12. 我们越早掌握急救技能，就越有可能在危急时刻挽救生命。(The sooner…, the more likely…)

参考答案与解析:
1. B 解析：动名词作主语。
2. C 解析：Never否定词在句首用部分倒装。
3. C 解析：with + 宾语 + 过去分词（被动），leg与bandage为被动关系。
4. B 解析：Had the bystander known = If the bystander had known，省略if的虚拟倒装（与过去事实相反）。
5. B 解析：It is essential that + (should)+动词原形。
6. treatment 解析：treat的名词形式，作介词for的宾语。
7. Not panicking 解析：现在分词否定式作状语，主语与panic为主动。
8. getting 解析：prevent…from doing，from后接动名词。
9. did 解析：Only + 状语从句在句首，主句用部分倒装，过去时用did。
10. faced 解析：when (one is) faced with，省略主语+be，用过去分词faced。
11. Thanks to the bystander’s first aid knowledge, the victim was out of danger.
12. The sooner we master first aid skills, the more likely we are to save lives in emergencies.

综合练习（跨单元语法）¶

一、单项选择（10题）

1. By the time he retired, he __ over 1,000 patients.
   - A. treated B. had treated C. was treating D. has treated

2. __ for your help, I would not have succeeded.
   - A. Were it not B. Had it not been C. If it is not D. Were not it

3. Not only __ the exam, but he also got the highest score.
   - A. he passed B. did he pass C. he did pass D. passed he

4. The book __ next month is about ocean conservation.
   - A. publishing B. published C. to be published D. being published

5. __ , I would tell him the truth.
   - A. Were I you B. If I am you C. Was I you D. If I was you

6. She suggested that the meeting __ to next week.
   - A. postpone B. be postponed C. was postponed D. would postpone

7. __ I have seen such a beautiful sunset!
   - A. Never B. Seldom C. Rarely D. If only

… wait, 不对. Let me reorganize. These should be 10 multiple choice questions.

7. Hardly __ the station when the train departed.
   - A. I had reached B. had I reached C. I reached D. did I reach

8. It was the first time that he __ abroad.
   - A. traveled B. had traveled C. has traveled D. travels

9. __ as he is, he knows a lot about the world.
   - A. A child B. Child C. The child D. Childish

10. Only when you lose something __ its value.

    • A. you realize B. do you realize C. you will realize D. will you be realizing

二、语法填空

11. It was John Snow who first __ (prove) that cholera was spread through contaminated water.
12. __ (compare) with last year, our school’s English scores have improved significantly.
13. The teacher insisted that every student __ (arrive) on time.
14. Were I __ (be) you, I would accept the offer.
15. By the time the rescue team arrived, the victim __ (lose) consciousness.

三、书面表达

假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom来信说他将在暑假来中国旅游，想请你推荐一个城市。请给Tom写一封回信，内容包括：
1. 表示欢迎
2. 推荐一个城市并说明理由（可包括历史、文化、美食等）
3. 提出旅行建议

注意：词数120-150。

参考答案与解析:

1. B 解析：by the time + 过去时，主句用过去完成时。
2. B 解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟，省略if倒装：Had it not been for = If it had not been for。
3. B 解析：Not only在句首用部分倒装。
4. C 解析：to be published表将来被动，”下个月将被出版的”。
5. A 解析：Were I you = If I were you，省略if倒装。
6. B 解析：suggest表”建议”用虚拟，(should)+be done（被动）。
7. B 解析：Hardly had + S + done when + S + did。
8. B 解析：It was the first time that + 过去完成时。
9. B 解析：as引导让步从句的倒装，名词前不用冠词：Child as he is = Though he is a child。
10. B 解析：Only + 状语从句在句首，主句部分倒装。
11. proved 解析：强调句中动词用过去时proved（prove-proved-proved）。
12. Compared 解析：过去分词作状语，compare表被动。
13. (should) arrive 解析：insist表”坚持要求”用虚拟。
14. be 解析：Were I to be = If I were to be，省略if的倒装。
15. had lost 解析：by the time + 过去时 arrived，主句用过去完成时。

书面表达参考范文:

Dear Tom,

I am thrilled to hear that you are planning to visit China this summer! It would be wonderful to show you around, and I highly recommend Xi’an as your destination.

As one of China’s oldest cities, Xi’an is a treasure trove of history and culture. You can marvel at the Terracotta Warriors, wander along the ancient City Wall, and explore the Muslim Quarter, where the vibrant night market offers an incredible variety of local delicacies. The famous roujiamo (Chinese hamburger) and biangbiang noodles are absolutely must-tries.

Furthermore, the best time to visit is in early summer when the weather is pleasant. I suggest booking your accommodation in advance, as it is peak tourist season. Do not forget to bring comfortable walking shoes—you will need them!

If you decide to come, I would be more than happy to be your guide. Looking forward to seeing you soon!

Yours,
Li Hua

附录: 高考核心语法速查表¶

虚拟语气速查¶

倒装句速查¶

非谓语动词速查¶

使用说明: 本手册涵盖人教版选择性必修第二册全部5个单元内容，建议配合教材和高考真题同步使用。高三上学期是高考一轮复习的关键时期，建议每天安排1小时对照本手册进行系统复习，重点攻克语法专题和高频词汇。祝学习进步，高考成功！

AI生成

高中英语 · 高二下册学习手册（选择性必修第一册）¶

本手册依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》编写，基于人教版新课标（2019版）高中英语选择性必修第一册（Book 4），涵盖Unit 1–Unit 5全部内容。高二下学期是高考前最后的系统学习阶段，本手册旨在帮助学生全面构建语法和词汇体系，提升综合语言运用能力。

一、考纲要求与学习目标¶

1. 学期定位¶

高二下学期是高中英语学习的关键转折期。选择性必修第一册（Book 4）是高考前系统学习阶段的重要教材，本册内容在难度上较必修阶段有显著提升，语法体系从基础结构过渡到综合运用，词汇量要求进一步扩大。本学期结束后，学生将进入高三全面复习阶段，因此本学期需系统构建语法框架、深度积累核心词汇、强化阅读写作能力，为高考冲刺奠定坚实基础。

2. 核心素养目标¶

根据新课标要求，本学期需在以下四个维度实现核心素养发展：

（1）语言能力
- 词汇：掌握本册5个单元约200个核心词汇及其派生词、搭配，能准确拼写并在语境中运用
- 语法：系统掌握非限制性定语从句、将来时态综合、动词-ing形式作状语、过去分词综合用法、被动语态综合复习等高考核心语法点
- 阅读：能读懂与教材话题相关的中等难度语篇，阅读速度达到每分钟70–80词，理解准确率不低于75%
- 写作：能就规定话题写出120–150词的连贯短文，句式多样，过渡自然，用词准确

（2）文化意识
- 了解中外杰出人物（如屠呦呦、袁隆平）的科学精神与人文情怀
- 关注未来科技发展趋势，培养科技伦理意识
- 增强自然保护意识，理解人与自然和谐共生的理念
- 理解跨文化交际中肢体语言的差异，培养跨文化沟通能力
- 关注全球粮食安全问题，树立人类命运共同体意识

（3）思维品质
- 能分析、比较不同文化背景下非语言交际的异同
- 能辩证地看待科技进步带来的机遇与挑战
- 能从多角度评价杰出人物的成就与品格
- 能就社会热点话题进行独立思考和有逻辑的表达

（4）学习能力
- 能运用元认知策略规划和管理自己的英语学习
- 能利用词典、语料库等工具资源自主学习
- 能通过合作学习与探究式学习提升学习效率
- 能对所学语法和词汇进行归纳总结，建构知识网络

3. 语法体系构建重点 ★高考核心¶

高二下学期语法学习进入综合深化阶段，核心考点如下：

学习建议：非谓语动词（Unit 3的-ing形式和Unit 4的-ed形式）是高考语法的重中之重，在语法填空、短文改错和书面表达中均有高频考查。建议学生在学完本册后，将-ing形式与-ed形式进行对比归纳，形成完整的非谓语动词知识网络。

4. 词汇学习策略¶

• 分级记忆：将词汇分为”高考核心高频词”“派生词”“话题词汇”三类，核心高频词需做到会拼、会用、会辨析
• 语境记忆：在课文语境和例句中记忆单词，关注搭配和用法
• 词根词缀法：利用前缀（un-, dis-, re-, pre-等）和后缀（-tion, -ment, -ful, -less等）推导词义
• 滚动复习：按照艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，定期复习已学词汇

二、必会单词¶

Unit 1: People of Achievement（有所成就的人）¶

Unit 2: Looking into the Future（展望未来）¶

Unit 3: Fascinating Parks（迷人的公园）¶

Unit 4: Body Language（肢体语言）¶

Unit 5: Working the Land（耕耘大地/农业）¶

三、必会短语与句子¶

Unit 1: People of Achievement¶

重点短语¶

1. be committed to (doing) sth. — 致力于（做）某事 ★高考核心
2. commit oneself to — 使自己承担；致力于
3. result in — 导致；造成 ★高考核心
4. result from — 起因于；由……造成
5. insist on (doing) sth. — 坚持（做）某事 ★高考核心
6. wear down — 磨损；使疲劳
7. wear and tear — 磨损；损耗
8. come to power — 上台执政 ★高考核心
9. take up a position — 担任职务；就职
10. stand on the shoulders of giants — 站在巨人的肩膀上
11. acknowledge sb. as... — 承认某人是……
12. carry out — 实施；执行 ★高考核心
13. devote oneself to — 献身于；致力于 ★高考核心
14. by chance — 偶然；碰巧
15. draw a conclusion — 得出结论
16. in conclusion — 总之；最后 ★高考核心
17. have an impact on — 对……产生影响 ★高考核心
18. object to (doing) sth. — 反对（做）某事
19. be distinct from — 与……不同
20. against all odds — 克服重重困难

必会句型与重点句子¶

1. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her discovery of artemisinin, a crucial drug that has saved millions of lives.
   - 【语法】that引导限制性定语从句，先行词为drug；a crucial drug作artemisinin的同位语。
   - 【翻译】屠呦呦因发现青蒿素——一种拯救了数百万人生命的关键药物——于2015年被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

2. After committing herself to the project, she and her team encountered numerous difficulties, which they eventually overcame through persistence and teamwork. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文整个情况；committing为动词-ing形式作时间状语。
   - 【翻译】在投身该项目后，她和她的团队遇到了无数困难，最终通过坚持和团队合作克服了这些困难。

3. It was through years of painstaking research that Tu Youyou discovered the most effective method of extracting artemisinin. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】强调句型It was...that...，强调方式状语through years of painstaking research。
   - 【翻译】正是通过多年艰苦的研究，屠呦呦才发现提取青蒿素最有效的方法。

4. Not only did she review hundreds of traditional recipes, but she also tested them on herself to ensure their safety.
   - 【语法】Not only置于句首引起部分倒装；Not only...but also...连接两个并列分句。
   - 【翻译】她不仅查阅了数百个传统药方，而且还在自己身上进行试验以确保其安全性。

5. The discovery of artemisinin has had a profound impact on global health, reducing the death rate from malaria significantly.
   - 【语法】reducing...为动词-ing形式作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。
   - 【翻译】青蒿素的发现对全球健康产生了深远影响，显著降低了疟疾死亡率。

6. What makes Tu Youyou remarkable is her unwavering commitment to science and her willingness to take risks for the greater good.
   - 【语法】What引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语；to take risks为不定式作后置定语。
   - 【翻译】使屠呦呦非凡的，是她对科学的坚定承诺以及为更大利益而冒险的意愿。

7. She insisted on testing the extract on herself first, despite the potential risks involved. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】despite介词短语作让步状语；involved为过去分词作后置定语。
   - 【翻译】尽管存在潜在风险，她仍坚持先在自己身上试验提取的药物。

8. Had she given up at any point during those long years of trial and error, millions of lives might have been lost.
   - 【语法】虚拟语气倒装形式，省略if的虚拟条件句；Had she given up = If she had given up。
   - 【翻译】如果在漫长反复试验的岁月里她有丝毫放弃，数百万人的生命可能已经丧失。

9. Her achievement serves as a powerful reminder that traditional Chinese medicine still has much to offer the world.
   - 【语法】that引导同位语从句，解释reminder的内容。
   - 【翻译】她的成就有力地提醒我们，传统中医药仍然有很多东西可以贡献给世界。

10. It is widely acknowledged that Tu Youyou’s work represents a perfect combination of ancient wisdom and modern science. ★高考核心

    • 【语法】It为形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句；It is widely acknowledged that...是高考高频句式。
    • 【翻译】人们普遍认为，屠呦呦的研究代表了古老智慧与现代科学的完美结合。

Unit 2: Looking into the Future¶

重点短语¶

1. advocate doing sth. — 提倡做某事 ★高考核心
2. combine A with B — 将A与B结合 ★高考核心
3. in combination with — 与……结合
4. resist the temptation — 抵制诱惑
5. be integrated with — 与……融为一体 ★高考核心
6. have a preference for — 偏爱
7. rely on — 依赖；依靠 ★高考核心
8. be relevant to — 与……相关
9. detect a problem — 发现问题
10. cease to do sth. / cease doing sth. — 停止做某事 ★高考核心
11. adopt a new approach — 采取新方法
12. be about to do sth. — 正要做某事 ★高考核心
13. be to do sth. — 按计划将要做某事
14. in the near future — 在不久的将来
15. bring about — 引起；导致 ★高考核心
16. keep pace with — 与……并驾齐驱
17. be cautious about — 对……谨慎
18. be available to — 对……可用
19. oppose / be opposed to — 反对 ★高考核心
20. pose a threat to — 对……构成威胁 ★高考核心

必会句型与重点句子¶

1. In the not-too-distant future, smart homes will be equipped with intelligent sensors that can detect everything from a gas leak to an intruder. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】that引导限制性定语从句，修饰sensors；will be equipped with使用将来时被动语态。
   - 【翻译】在不远的将来，智能家居将配备智能传感器，能够探测从煤气泄漏到入侵者的一切异常。

2. Your home will learn your daily routine and preferences, automatically adjusting the temperature, lighting, and even music to suit your mood.
   - 【语法】automatically adjusting...为动词-ing形式作伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作。
   - 【翻译】你的家将学习你的日常作息和偏好，自动调节温度、灯光甚至音乐以适合你的心情。

3. Not only will smart homes make life more convenient, but they will also greatly improve energy efficiency and security. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】Not only置于句首引起部分倒装，助动词will提到主语smart homes之前。
   - 【翻译】智能家居不仅将使生活更便捷，而且还将大大提高能源效率和安全性。

4. Nevertheless, there are those who resist the trend, arguing that excessive dependence on technology may pose a threat to our privacy and independence.
   - 【语法】who引导定语从句修饰those；arguing that...为-ing形式作伴随状语，that引导宾语从句。
   - 【翻译】然而，也有人抵制这一趋势，认为过度依赖技术可能对我们的隐私和独立构成威胁。

5. The day is coming when virtually every household appliance will be connected to the Internet, creating a seamless network of convenience.
   - 【语法】when引导定语从句修饰the day（先行词与从句被谓语分隔）；creating...作结果状语。
   - 【翻译】那一天正在到来：几乎每件家用电器都将连接到互联网，创造一个无缝的便利网络。

6. What concerns many people is that smart devices constantly collect and transmit personal data, which could be misused if it falls into the wrong hands. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】What引导主语从句；that引导表语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句指代主句内容；if引导条件状语从句。
   - 【翻译】许多人担心的是，智能设备不断收集和传输个人数据，一旦落入不法之徒手中，可能被滥用。

7. Despite the opposition, the adoption of smart home technology is expected to grow rapidly as more people recognise its potential benefits.
   - 【语法】as引导时间/原因状语从句；is expected to被动结构表预测。
   - 【翻译】尽管存在反对意见，随着越来越多的人认识到智能家居技术的潜在益处，其普及速度预计将迅速增长。

8. We are about to enter an era where artificial intelligence will play an increasingly critical role in every aspect of our lives. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】be about to do表即将发生；where引导定语从句修饰era。
   - 【翻译】我们即将进入一个人工智能将在我们生活各个方面发挥越来越关键作用的时代。

9. Those who fail to adapt to these changes risk being left behind in a world that is constantly evolving.
   - 【语法】who引导定语从句；risk being left behind中being left behind为动名词被动式作宾语。
   - 【翻译】那些未能适应这些变化的人，有可能在一个不断发展的世界中被远远抛在后面。

10. It remains to be seen whether the benefits of smart technology will ultimately outweigh its potential risks.

    • 【语法】It为形式主语，whether引导主语从句；remain to be seen为固定搭配。
    • 【翻译】智能技术的益处最终是否会超过其潜在风险，仍有待观察。

Unit 3: Fascinating Parks¶

重点短语¶

1. be located in/at — 位于 ★高考核心
2. stretch over — 延伸覆盖
3. be home to — 是……的家园 ★高考核心
4. be blessed with — 有幸拥有
5. be rich in — 富含
6. appeal to — 吸引；对……有吸引力 ★高考核心
7. up to — 多达；由……决定
8. wander around — 漫步；闲逛
9. be familiar with — 熟悉 ★高考核心
10. be familiar to — 为……所熟悉
11. ban sb. from doing sth. — 禁止某人做某事
12. under prohibition — 在禁止之列
13. make a difference — 产生影响
14. put...on the map — 使……出名
15. date back to — 追溯到 ★高考核心
16. vary from...to... — 从……到……不等
17. on the edge of — 在……的边缘
18. at a glance — 一览；一眼
19. be abundant in — 富含 ★高考核心
20. protect...from... — 保护……免受

重点句子¶

1. Sarek National Park, located in the far north of Sweden, is a place where nature remains largely untouched by human hands. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】located in...为过去分词短语作后置定语；where引导定语从句修饰place。
   - 【翻译】萨勒克国家公园位于瑞典最北端，是一个大自然基本未被人类触及的地方。

2. Stretching over a vast area of mountains, glaciers, and valleys, the park offers visitors a glimpse into a world that has remained unchanged for thousands of years.
   - 【语法】Stretching over...为-ing形式短语作状语；that引导定语从句。
   - 【翻译】公园横跨广阔的山区、冰川和山谷，为游客提供了一瞥数千年来基本未变的世界的机会。

3. Having been designated as a national park in 1909, Sarek was one of the first parks in Europe to receive such protection. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】Having been designated为-ing形式完成被动式作状语，表示先于主句发生的被动动作。
   - 【翻译】萨勒克于1909年被指定为国家公园，是欧洲最早获得此类保护的公园之一。

4. No roads lead into the park, meaning that visitors must hike for hours through rugged terrain to reach its breathtaking interior.
   - 【语法】meaning that...为-ing形式作结果状语；that引导宾语从句。
   - 【翻译】没有道路通向公园，这意味着游客必须在崎岖的地形中徒步数小时才能到达其令人叹为观止的腹地。

5. The Sami people, who have inhabited this territory for centuries, have developed a unique way of life closely tied to the reindeer they herd. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】who引导非限制性定语从句；tied to为过去分词短语作后置定语；they herd为省略了that的限制性定语从句。
   - 【翻译】萨米人在此居住了数百年，发展出了一种与所放牧的驯鹿紧密相连的独特生活方式。

6. Wandering through the park, one cannot help but marvel at the magnificent scenery that unfolds at every turn.
   - 【语法】Wandering through...为-ing形式作时间状语；cannot help but do为固定搭配。
   - 【翻译】漫步于公园之中，人们不禁对每一个转角展现的壮丽景色感到惊叹。

7. What makes Sarek truly special is the strict prohibition on any form of development, ensuring that the wilderness is preserved for future generations.
   - 【语法】What引导主语从句；ensuring that...为-ing形式作结果状语。
   - 【翻译】使萨勒克真正特别的是对任何形式开发的严格禁止，确保荒野能为后代保留下来。

8. Looking out from the mountain edge, visitors are rewarded with a spectacular view of glaciers glistening in the sunlight.
   - 【语法】Looking out from...为-ing形式作时间状语；glistening in the sunlight为-ing形式短语作定语修饰glaciers。
   - 【翻译】从山崖边缘眺望，游客可以欣赏到在阳光下闪闪发光的冰川壮丽景色。

9. It is this combination of pristine wilderness and rich cultural heritage that makes Sarek a destination like no other. ★高考核心
   - 【语法】强调句型It is...that...，强调主语this combination of pristine wilderness and rich cultural heritage。
   - 【翻译】正是原始荒野与丰富文化遗产的结合，使萨勒克成为一个独一无二的旅游目的地。

10. We are blessed with an abundance of natural wonders, but this blessing comes with a responsibility to protect them.

    • 【语法】to protect them不定式作后置定语。
    • 【翻译】我们有幸拥有丰富的自然奇观，但这份恩赐也伴随着保护它们的责任。

Unit 4: Body Language¶

重点短语¶

1. vary from...to... — 从……到……不等 ★高考核心
2. by contrast — 相比之下 ★高考核心
3. approve of — 赞成；支持
4. be aware of — 意识到 ★高考核心
5. make inferences — 做出推断
6. be occupied with — 忙于
7. be uppermost in one's mind — 在某人心中最重要
8. break down barriers — 打破障碍 ★高考核心
9. differ from — 与……不同
10. differ in — 在……方面不同
11. interact with — 与……互动 ★高考核心
12. rely on — 依赖；依靠
13. adjust to — 适应 ★高考核心
14. be appropriate for — 适合
15. maintain eye contact — 保持目光接触
16. communicate with — 与……交流
17. be identical to — 与……完全相同
18. convey a message — 传达信息 ★高考核心
19. be sensitive to — 对……敏感
20. make a good impression — 留下好印象